Nokea
The typical radiologic configuration in tetralogy of Fallot as seen in the anteroposterior view consists of all the following EXCEPT
- A. normal heart size
- B. some elevation of the cardiac apex
- C. convexity in the region of the main pulmonary artery
- D. right-sided aortic arch
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Normal heart size is not typical in tetralogy of Fallot.
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An older adult with heart failure is hospitalized during an acute exacerbation. To reduce cardiac workload, which intervention should the nurse include in the client's plan of care?
- A. Assist with ambulation in the hallway
- B. Encourage active range of motion exercises
- C. Provide a bedside commode for toileting
- D. Teach to sleep in a side-laying position
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Providing a bedside commode reduces the need for the client to walk to the bathroom, decreasing strain on the heart.
Regarding body iron stores:
- A. Serum ferritin is a poor guide to iron stores
- B. A healthy young man will have more iron stored as ferritin than in the circulating red cell mass
- C. Iron is the stimulant for ferritin production
- D. In iron deficiency, stores of haemosiderin are mobilised before ferritin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Iron is a key regulator for ferritin production, and as iron levels rise, ferritin synthesis is stimulated to store excess iron.
Down syndrome and VSD
- A. Doesn't close spontaneously as in children without downs
- B. Inaudible murmur is a characteristic feature / Murmur is not audible
- C. Pulmonary Hypertension is a late complication
- D. If no murmur, condition need not be investigated
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pulmonary hypertension is a known late complication in Down syndrome with VSD.
Decreased DLCO is seen with:
- A. Increased CO in circulation
- B. Anaemia
- C. Pulmonary fibrosis
- D. Exercise
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pulmonary fibrosis: Decreased diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) is a hallmark of pulmonary fibrosis, where lung tissue becomes scarred, reducing its ability to transfer gases.
Croup:
- A. Is a disease
- B. Is commonly caused by parainfluenza viruses
- C. Most cases are managed with nebulised adrenaline
- D. Inhaled steroids are reported to be of benefit
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Croup is most commonly caused by parainfluenza viruses, which lead to inflammation of the larynx and trachea.