Nokea
The virus most commonly transmitted during pregnancy is:
- A. cytomegalovirus
- B. HIV
- C. herpes simplex virus
- D. Epstein-Barr virus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: cytomegalovirus. CMV is the most common virus transmitted during pregnancy, leading to potential serious complications for the fetus. It can cause birth defects, hearing loss, and developmental delays. CMV is commonly spread through bodily fluids. HIV (B) can also be transmitted during pregnancy but is less common. Herpes simplex virus (C) can be transmitted but typically results in localized infection. Epstein-Barr virus (D) is not commonly transmitted during pregnancy.
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A patient of surgical department complains about pain in the small of her back and in the lower part of her belly; painful and frequent urination. Bacteriological examination of urine revealed gram-negative oxidase-positive rod-like bacteria forming greenish mucoid colonies with specific smell. What causative agent can it be?
- A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- B. Proteus mirabilis
- C. E.coli
- D. Str.pyogenes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Proteus mirabilis. This bacterium is known to cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) and matches the description given in the question. Proteus mirabilis is a gram-negative rod-like bacterium that forms greenish mucoid colonies with a specific smell due to its production of urease enzyme. This enzyme leads to the formation of struvite crystals, which can cause painful and frequent urination. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (A) is not typically associated with UTIs. E.coli (C) is the most common cause of UTIs but does not match the specific description provided. Str.pyogenes (D) is a gram-positive bacterium and is not typically associated with UTIs.
Which of the following statements about in vitro cultivation of viruses is true?
- A. Viral cultivation under laboratory conditions is impossible
- B. Viruses are cultured on hen embryos, cell cultures and experimental animals
- C. Viruses are cultivated on special nutrient media
- D. Viruses are cultured only in human embryonic cell cultures
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because viruses can indeed be cultured on hen embryos, cell cultures, and experimental animals in vitro. This method allows for the replication and study of viruses outside the host organism. Option A is incorrect as viral cultivation is possible in laboratory settings. Option C is incorrect because while viruses can be grown on nutrient media, it is not the only method. Option D is incorrect as viruses can be cultured in various types of cell cultures, not just human embryonic ones.
Which bacterial structure helps in the movement towards or away from chemical stimuli?
- A. Flagella
- B. Pili
- C. Capsule
- D. Fimbriae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Flagella are the correct answer because they are long, whip-like structures that aid in bacterial movement towards or away from chemical stimuli. They rotate like propellers, allowing the bacterium to navigate its environment. Pili are used for attachment, not movement. Capsules are involved in protection and adherence, not chemotaxis. Fimbriae help in attachment to surfaces, not in movement towards stimuli.
The First-line tuberculosis drugs include:
- A. Isoniazid and rifampicin
- B. Penicillin and erythromycin
- C. Trimethoprim and third generation cephalosporins
- D. All the listed above can be used depending on their resistance profile
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Isoniazid and rifampicin. These drugs are considered first-line treatment for tuberculosis due to their high efficacy and low toxicity. Isoniazid targets the cell wall of the tuberculosis bacteria, while rifampicin inhibits RNA synthesis. They are recommended by WHO as the first choice for treating tuberculosis.
Choice B (Penicillin and erythromycin) is incorrect because these antibiotics are not effective against tuberculosis bacteria.
Choice C (Trimethoprim and third generation cephalosporins) is incorrect because they are not considered first-line drugs for tuberculosis treatment.
Choice D (All the listed above can be used depending on their resistance profile) is incorrect because only isoniazid and rifampicin are universally recognized as first-line drugs for tuberculosis regardless of resistance profile.
Microscopy of a wound abscess revealed Gram-negative rods producing blue-green pigment with a distinctive odor of jasmine. What is the likely causative agent?
- A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- B. Proteus vulgaris
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Klebsiella pneumoniae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known for producing a blue-green pigment called pyocyanin, which gives the characteristic color seen in the wound abscess. The distinctive odor of jasmine is also a key feature of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proteus vulgaris (B) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (D) do not produce blue-green pigment or have a jasmine-like odor. Escherichia coli (C) typically does not produce blue-green pigment or have a jasmine-like odor.