Nokea
The white pulp and red pulp are part of which immune organ:
- A. Thymus
- B. Lymph node
- C. Spleen
- D. Lymphoid tissue
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Spleen. The white pulp of the spleen contains lymphocytes that help in immune responses. The red pulp filters blood and removes old or damaged red blood cells. The thymus (A) is responsible for T cell maturation, lymph nodes (B) filter lymph, and lymphoid tissue (D) includes various lymphoid organs but does not specifically refer to the spleen's distinct white and red pulp structure. Thus, the spleen is the only organ among the choices that has both white and red pulp components essential for immune functions.
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A female who had been continuously taking antibiotics for an intestinal infection developed a complication manifested by inflammation of the oral mucosa and white deposit. Bacteriological study of the deposit samples revealed yeast fungi Candida albicans. Which of the following medications is indicated for the treatment of this complication?
- A. Fluconazole
- B. Biseptol
- C. Tetracycline
- D. Furazolidone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A: Fluconazole): Fluconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat yeast infections caused by Candida albicans. It targets the fungal cell membrane, disrupting its structure and function. This makes it an effective treatment for oral thrush, which is caused by Candida overgrowth in the oral mucosa. The continuous use of antibiotics can disrupt the normal balance of microorganisms in the body, leading to fungal overgrowth. Fluconazole specifically targets the yeast fungi without affecting bacteria, making it the appropriate choice for this complication.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B: Biseptol - Biseptol is an antibiotic that targets bacteria, not fungi like Candida albicans.
C: Tetracycline - Tetracycline is also an antibiotic that targets bacteria, not fungi.
D: Furazolidone - Furazolidone is an antibiotic primarily used for treating bacterial infections, not fungal infections like oral thrush caused by Candida
Which of the following statements about in vitro cultivation of viruses is true?
- A. Viral cultivation under laboratory conditions is impossible
- B. Viruses are cultured on hen embryos, cell cultures and experimental animals
- C. Viruses are cultivated on special nutrient media
- D. Viruses are cultured only in human embryonic cell cultures
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because viruses can indeed be cultured on hen embryos, cell cultures, and experimental animals in vitro. This method allows for the replication and study of viruses outside the host organism. Option A is incorrect as viral cultivation is possible in laboratory settings. Option C is incorrect because while viruses can be grown on nutrient media, it is not the only method. Option D is incorrect as viruses can be cultured in various types of cell cultures, not just human embryonic ones.
Warts are commonly caused by the:
- A. human papillomavirus
- B. herpesvirus
- C. HIV
- D. varicella-zoster virus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Warts are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) due to its ability to infect the skin.
2. HPV infects the top layer of skin and causes the rapid growth of cells, leading to the formation of warts.
3. Herpesvirus (choice B) causes herpes, not warts.
4. HIV (choice C) weakens the immune system but does not directly cause warts.
5. Varicella-zoster virus (choice D) causes chickenpox and shingles, not warts.
Summary:
Choice A is correct as warts are primarily caused by HPV, which infects the skin cells. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are associated with different viral infections that do not lead to the development of warts.
Which of the following bacteria are unable to synthesize ATP?
- A. Chlamydia
- B. Enterococci
- C. Rickettsia
- D. Staphylococci
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chlamydia. Chlamydia lacks the essential enzymes for ATP synthesis and relies on host cell ATP. Enterococci, Rickettsia, and Staphylococci possess the necessary enzymes for ATP synthesis through cellular respiration. Chlamydia's inability to synthesize ATP makes it dependent on the host cell for energy production, distinguishing it from the other bacteria listed.
A centrifugate of urine sample obtained from patient with suspected renal tuberculosis was used to make a slide mount for microscopy. What method should be used to stain the slide and detect the causative agent?
- A. Zielh-Neelsen stain
- B. Loeffler stain
- C. Gram stain
- D. Aujeszky stain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Zielh-Neelsen stain. This stain is specifically used to detect acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of renal tuberculosis. The staining process involves using carbol fuchsin to penetrate the mycolic acid layer of the bacterial cell wall, making it resistant to decolorization with acid-alcohol. This allows the red stained bacteria to be visualized under a microscope. Loeffler stain (B) is used for staining bacteria like diphtheria bacilli, Gram stain (C) is used for bacterial classification based on cell wall properties, and Aujeszky stain (D) is not a recognized staining method for detecting acid-fast bacteria.