Nokea
Three-month-old Jefferson will probably listen longer to __________ than to __________.
- A. pure tones; voices
- B. pure tones; noises
- C. human speech; nonspeech sounds
- D. a foreign language; his native language
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Three-month-old Jefferson will likely listen longer to human speech compared to nonspeech sounds because infants have a natural preference for speech sounds. This preference is believed to be attributed to their biological readiness to learn language and communicate with others. Choice A is incorrect because voices are a form of human speech, which is preferred over pure tones. Choice B is incorrect as noises do not necessarily engage infants' attention as effectively as human speech. Choice D is incorrect because Jefferson is more likely to listen longer to his native language rather than a foreign language at this early age.
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What is one challenge associated with longitudinal research?
- A. It does not allow for inferences about cause-and-effect relationships.
- B. Participants may relocate or drop out of the study.
- C. Findings may not be applicable to real-world scenarios.
- D. It does not allow for the examination of individual developmental patterns.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: One challenge associated with longitudinal research is that participants may relocate or drop out of the study over time. This can result in missing data and potential biases in the findings, impacting the study's overall validity and reliability. Furthermore, it can present difficulties for researchers in accurately monitoring and analyzing changes in individuals over an extended period. Options A, C, and D are incorrect because longitudinal research can indeed allow for inferences about cause-and-effect relationships, findings can be generalized to the real world with appropriate design and sampling, and it is suitable for studying individual developmental patterns.
What is the best-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period?
- A. Colic
- B. Respiratory distress at birth
- C. Low birth weight
- D. Delayed language development
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The best-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period is low birth weight. Smoking during pregnancy is a known teratogen that can lead to negative outcomes for the developing fetus, such as growth restrictions resulting in low birth weight. This condition can have significant long-term consequences on the child's health and development. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they are not the primary effect associated with smoking during the prenatal period. Colic is typically associated with digestive issues, respiratory distress at birth can be caused by various factors other than smoking, and delayed language development is not directly linked to smoking during pregnancy.
What is a major strength of the clinical interview?
- A. Makes comparing individuals' responses very easy
- B. Can provide a large amount of information in a fairly brief period
- C. Is directed toward understanding a culture or distinct social group
- D. Allows researchers to see the behavior of interest as it occurs in natural settings
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The major strength of the clinical interview is that it can provide a large amount of information in a fairly brief period. This allows researchers to gather detailed data about an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors efficiently. Choice A is incorrect because the clinical interview focuses on gathering information from individuals rather than comparing their responses. Choice C is incorrect as clinical interviews are primarily aimed at understanding individuals rather than cultures or social groups. Choice D is incorrect as it describes a strength of naturalistic observations, not clinical interviews.
__________ increases tenfold from the twentieth week until birth.
- A. Amniotic fluid
- B. Brain weight
- C. Fetal length
- D. Neuron production
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Brain weight increases tenfold from the twentieth week until birth. This rapid growth and development of the brain during the prenatal period is crucial for setting the foundation for future cognitive and neurological functions. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because although they also undergo changes during prenatal development, none of them increase tenfold from the twentieth week until birth, unlike brain weight.
During which period does the germinal period occur?
- A. Occurs during the second trimester of pregnancy
- B. Lasts about six weeks
- C. Lasts about two weeks
- D. Is the final period of a 38-week pregnancy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The germinal period lasts about two weeks and occurs during the first two weeks of pregnancy. This is the time when the fertilized egg implants into the uterus and begins to divide rapidly. It is followed by the embryonic period, which lasts from about week 3 to week 8 of pregnancy. Choice A is incorrect because the germinal period happens in the early stages of pregnancy, not the second trimester. Choice B is incorrect because the germinal period typically lasts about two weeks, not six. Choice D is incorrect because the germinal period is an early stage of pregnancy and not the final period of a 38-week pregnancy.