Nokea
Through what does the infant born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome acquire oxygenated blood?
- A. The patent ductus arteriosus
- B. A ventricular septal defect
- C. The closure of the foramen ovale
- D. An atrial septal defect
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Because the right side of the heart must take over pumping blood to both the lungs and systemic circulation, the ductus arteriosus must remain open to shunt the oxygenated blood from the lungs.
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Complement system:
- A. Is activated by bacterial endotoxins by the classical pathway
- B. Reduced C3 and C4 are usual findings in acute glomerulonephritis
- C. Hereditary angioneurotic oedema is caused by deficiency of one of the components of the classical pathway of the system
- D. Is part of humoral immunity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The complement system is a key component of humoral immunity, playing a role in the immune response to pathogens.
Possible causes of upper airway obstruction are:
- A. Inhaled foreign body in the main bronchus on the right side
- B. Epiglottitis
- C. Retropharyngeal abscess
- D. Viral croup
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Epiglottitis is a serious condition that can cause acute upper airway obstruction due to swelling of the epiglottis.
A 3-year-old child with a fever and sore throat is most likely to have:
- A. Coxsackievirus infection
- B. Tonsillitis
- C. Scarlet fever
- D. Measles
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Tonsillitis is a common cause of fever and sore throat in young children and may be viral or bacterial in origin.
A two-year-old child should have been immunised against:
- A. Tetanus
- B. Polio
- C. Measles
- D. Hepatitis A
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: By the age of two, a child should have received the MMR vaccine, which protects against measles, mumps, and rubella.
A 2-year-old child is being treated for lead poisoning. Which of the following findings indicates the need for further intervention?
- A. Increased urine output
- B. Decreased hemoglobin levels
- C. Weight gain
- D. Improved developmental milestones
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lead poisoning can cause anemia, so a decrease in hemoglobin levels would indicate that further intervention is necessary.