Nokea
Tick the second messenger of G-protein-coupled (metabotropi receptor:
- A. Adenylyl cyclase
- B. Sodium ions
- C. Phospholipase C
- D. cAMP
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: cAMP. G-protein-coupled receptors activate adenylyl cyclase, leading to the production of cAMP, which acts as the second messenger. cAMP then triggers downstream signaling cascades. Choice A (Adenylyl cyclase) is the enzyme activated by G-protein-coupled receptors, not a second messenger itself. Choice B (Sodium ions) is not typically involved in GPCR signaling pathways. Choice C (Phospholipase C) generates inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, which are part of a separate signaling pathway, not the second messenger system for GPCRs.
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The client has a heart rate of 70 and a P wave that comes early and is malformed. What is the likely cause of this?
- A. Normal sinus rhythm
- B. Premature atrial contractions
- C. Frequent PVCs
- D. Ventricular escape rhythm
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Early, malformed P waves indicate premature atrial contractions (PACs), ectopic atrial beats.
A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client taking a benzodiazepine. Which client statement would indicate a need for further follow-up instructions?
- A. “I will need scheduled blood work in order to monitor for toxic levels of this drug.”
- B. “I won’t stop taking this medication abruptly because there could be serious complications.”
- C. “I will not drink alcohol while taking this medication.”
- D. “I won’t take extra doses of this drug because I can become addicted.”
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because benzodiazepines do not typically require routine blood level monitoring. Monitoring for toxicity is generally done through clinical assessment rather than blood tests. Choice B is correct as abrupt withdrawal of benzodiazepines can lead to severe withdrawal symptoms. Choice C is correct as alcohol can enhance the sedative effects of benzodiazepines. Choice D is correct as benzodiazepines have a potential for addiction and should not be taken in higher doses than prescribed.
A client with chronic schizophrenia has had a stroke involving the hippocampus. The client will be discharged on low doses of haloperidol. The nurse who must provide medication teaching will need to adjust the teaching plan to account for client problems with:
- A. Memory
- B. Expressive aphasia
- C. Emotional control
- D. Poor balance and coordination
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Memory. The hippocampus is crucial for memory formation and retrieval. Since the client's hippocampus is affected by the stroke, they may experience memory deficits. Teaching about medication administration needs to be adjusted to accommodate the client's impaired memory to ensure they understand and remember the instructions.
Summary:
- Choice A is correct because the hippocampus is involved in memory.
- Choice B (Expressive aphasia) is incorrect as it pertains to language expression, not memory.
- Choice C (Emotional control) is incorrect as it is not directly related to hippocampal function.
- Choice D (Poor balance and coordination) is incorrect as it is not typically associated with hippocampal damage.
Heparin is effective when administred orally. This consideration is:
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. All
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Heparin is a medication with poor oral bioavailability, meaning it is not effectively absorbed when taken orally.
Step 2: For heparin to be effective, it needs to be administered via injection or infusion to reach therapeutic levels.
Step 3: Therefore, the statement that heparin is effective when administered orally is false.
Summary: Choice B is correct because heparin's efficacy is not achieved through oral administration. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not acknowledge the pharmacokinetics of heparin.
Unwanted effects of plicamycin (formerly mithramycin) are the following, EXEPT:
- A. Thrombocytopenia
- B. GI toxicity
- C. Bleeding disorders
- D. Fractures
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Fractures. Plicamycin is not known to cause fractures. Thrombocytopenia, GI toxicity, and bleeding disorders are potential unwanted effects of plicamycin due to its impact on bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract. It is crucial to recognize that fractures are not a documented side effect of plicamycin, making option D the correct answer.