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Tinea capitis is a fungal infection of the:
- A. feet
- B. scalp
- C. mouth
- D. hands
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: scalp. Tinea capitis is a fungal infection that specifically affects the scalp. This infection is caused by dermatophytes, which thrive in warm and moist environments. It typically presents with symptoms such as scaling, itching, and hair loss on the scalp. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because tinea pedis (athlete's foot) affects the feet, oral thrush is a fungal infection of the mouth, and tinea manuum affects the hands. By process of elimination and understanding the specific characteristics of tinea capitis, we can determine that the scalp is the correct location for this fungal infection.
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Endotoxins are released upon:
- A. bacterial replication
- B. cell lysis of gram-negative bacteria
- C. antibody production
- D. formation of spores
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because endotoxins are part of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. When these bacteria undergo cell lysis, the endotoxins are released, causing harmful effects. This process does not occur during bacterial replication (choice A), antibody production (choice C), or formation of spores (choice D). Bacterial replication involves the creation of new bacterial cells, not the release of endotoxins. Antibody production is the immune response to pathogens, not the direct cause of endotoxin release. Spores are dormant structures formed by some bacteria, which are not directly related to the release of endotoxins.
Bacteria that require low oxygen concentrations for growth are called:
- A. Facultative anaerobes
- B. Obligate aerobes
- C. Microaerophiles
- D. Obligate anaerobes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Microaerophiles. These bacteria grow best in environments with low oxygen levels. They require oxygen for respiration but at lower concentrations than what is present in the atmosphere. This allows them to thrive in conditions where oxygen is limited but not completely absent.
A: Facultative anaerobes can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen.
B: Obligate aerobes require oxygen for growth.
D: Obligate anaerobes cannot survive in the presence of oxygen and typically grow in anaerobic environments.
In summary, microaerophiles are the correct choice as they specifically thrive in low oxygen environments, distinguishing them from the other options.
A bacteriophage is a(n) ____________ virus.
- A. helical
- B. icosahedral
- C. enveloped
- D. complex
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: complex. Bacteriophages are considered complex viruses because they have a complex structure consisting of a polyhedral head, a helical tail, and tail fibers. The head contains the viral genetic material, while the tail facilitates attachment to the host bacterial cell. This complexity distinguishes bacteriophages from simpler viruses like helical and icosahedral viruses. Helical viruses have a rod-like shape, while icosahedral viruses have a symmetrical, 20-sided structure. Enveloped viruses have a lipid bilayer envelope surrounding their capsid, which bacteriophages lack. Therefore, the unique and intricate structure of bacteriophages classifies them as complex viruses.
A patient with abdominal pain and diarrhea had a stool culture revealing non-lactose-fermenting, Gram-negative rods. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Shigella dysenteriae
- B. Salmonella typhi
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Proteus vulgaris
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Shigella dysenteriae. Shigella causes dysentery, characterized by bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. Shigella is a non-lactose-fermenting, Gram-negative rod.
B: Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever, not typically associated with abdominal pain and diarrhea.
C: Escherichia coli, a common gut bacteria, can cause diarrhea but typically ferments lactose.
D: Proteus vulgaris is not a common cause of gastrointestinal infection and is not typically associated with abdominal pain and diarrhea.
A patient being treated in the burns department has suppurative complication. The pus is of bluish- green color that is indicative of infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. What factor is typical for this causative agent?
- A. Gram-negative stain
- B. Presense of spores
- C. Coccal form
- D. Cell pairing
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Gram-negative stain. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacterium, as indicated by the bluish-green pus color. This bacterium has an outer membrane that retains the crystal violet stain, making it appear pink/red after the counterstain with safranin in Gram staining. The other choices are incorrect because Pseudomonas aeruginosa does not typically form spores (B), has a rod-shaped morphology rather than a coccal form (C), and does not exhibit cell pairing (D).