Nokea
Treatment of engorgement in the breastfeeding mother includes
- A. application of warm compresses before breastfeeding
- B. less frequent breastfeeding
- C. antibiotics and cold therapy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Warm compresses and frequent breastfeeding help relieve engorgement by promoting milk flow.
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The stimulation of initial milk production and release in the breast is accomplished by which hormones? Select all that apply.
- A. Oxytocin
- B. Progesterone
- C. Prolactin
- D. Luteinizing hormone
Correct Answer:
Rationale: Correct Answer: A (Oxytocin), C (Prolactin)
Rationale:
1. Oxytocin stimulates milk ejection (let-down reflex) by contracting the muscles around the alveoli, releasing milk.
2. Prolactin is responsible for the production of milk in the mammary glands.
Summary of Other Choices:
- Progesterone: Plays a role in preparing the breast for lactation but doesn't directly stimulate milk production.
- Luteinizing hormone: Primarily involved in ovulation and corpus luteum formation, not milk production.
Ultrasonography can be used to estimate fetal age with crown-rump length (CRL) at approximately
- A. 6 to 8 weeks
- B. 7 to 12 weeks
- C. to 14 weeks
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: CRL measurements are most accurate between 7-12 weeks for estimating gestational age.
What are possible characteristics of a patient who is at a higher risk for developing uterine cancer?
- A. 35-year-old patient with 2 vaginal births
- B. 16-year-old patient with 28-day menstrual cycle
- C. 67-year old patient taking only estrogen for HRT
- D. 25-year-old patient taking oral contraceptive pills
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Uterine cancer risk increases with age, so a 67-year-old patient is at higher risk.
2. Estrogen-only HRT without progesterone increases uterine cancer risk.
3. Other choices are less likely: A has lower age and childbirth may reduce risk, B's age and menstrual cycle are not typical risk factors, and D's oral contraceptives may decrease uterine cancer risk.
What condition would the nurse include when teaching a patient about the potential complications of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
- A. breast cancer
- B. cirrhosis of the liver
- C. insulin resistance
- D. insomnia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: insulin resistance. PCOS is associated with insulin resistance, leading to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. This is crucial for the nurse to include in patient education. A: breast cancer is not a common complication of PCOS. B: cirrhosis of the liver is not directly related to PCOS. D: insomnia is not a typical complication of PCOS. In summary, insulin resistance is the primary concern in PCOS due to its impact on metabolic health.
Morula is a developmental stage which occurs:
- A. After the implantation
- B. Between the zygote and blastocyst
- C. Between the blastocyst and gastrula
- D. Between implantation and parturition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the morula is a stage between the zygote (fertilized egg) and blastocyst (hollow ball of cells). After fertilization, the zygote undergoes multiple rounds of cell division to form a compact cluster of cells known as the morula. This stage precedes the blastocyst stage where the cells differentiate and form an inner cell mass and outer trophoblast layer.
A) After implantation is incorrect because the morula forms before implantation.
C) Between the blastocyst and gastrula is incorrect as the morula occurs before the blastocyst stage.
D) Between implantation and parturition is incorrect as the morula stage occurs much earlier in development.