Nokea
Treponemae are motile because of:
- A. axial filaments
- B. mans peritrichous filaments
- C. single monotrichous filament
- D. fimbriae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: axial filaments. Treponemae are motile due to their unique structure of axial filaments, also known as endoflagella. These axial filaments are located within the periplasmic space of the organism and are responsible for the corkscrew-like motility of Treponemae. The other choices (B: mans peritrichous filaments, C: single monotrichous filament, D: fimbriae) do not play a role in the motility of Treponemae. Peritrichous filaments and single monotrichous filaments are not present in Treponemae, and fimbriae are primarily involved in adhesion rather than motility.
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Which of the following is used to test for bacterial antibiotic susceptibility?
- A. Gram stain
- B. Catalase test
- C. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test
- D. Endospore stain
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. This test is used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria by measuring the zone of inhibition around antibiotic-soaked paper disks. It helps identify which antibiotics are effective against the bacteria being tested. This test is crucial in guiding antibiotic treatment decisions.
A: Gram stain is used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall composition and morphology, not for antibiotic susceptibility testing.
B: Catalase test is used to differentiate between catalase-positive and catalase-negative bacteria, not for antibiotic susceptibility testing.
D: Endospore stain is used to detect the presence of endospores in bacteria, not for antibiotic susceptibility testing.
An inflammatory disease that can develop as a complication following a group A streptococcal infection is:
- A. endocarditis
- B. rheumatic fever
- C. nephritis
- D. cytomegalovirus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that can occur as a complication following a group A streptococcal infection. This is known as a post-streptococcal complication. It typically affects the heart, joints, skin, and brain. Endocarditis (choice A) is also a complication of streptococcal infections, but it is an infection of the heart valves, not an inflammatory disease like rheumatic fever. Nephritis (choice C) is inflammation of the kidneys and is not directly related to streptococcal infections. Cytomegalovirus (choice D) is a different viral infection and is not associated with streptococcal infections.
The virus most commonly transmitted during pregnancy is:
- A. cytomegalovirus
- B. HIV
- C. herpes simplex virus
- D. Epstein-Barr virus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: cytomegalovirus. CMV is the most common virus transmitted during pregnancy, leading to potential serious complications for the fetus. It can cause birth defects, hearing loss, and developmental delays. CMV is commonly spread through bodily fluids. HIV (B) can also be transmitted during pregnancy but is less common. Herpes simplex virus (C) can be transmitted but typically results in localized infection. Epstein-Barr virus (D) is not commonly transmitted during pregnancy.
All of the statements about Rotaviruses are correct EXCEPT
- A. non-specific antiviral therapy is available
- B. Rotaviruses are ubiquitous worldwide
- C. Rotaviruses are a major cause of meningitis
- D. large amounts of viruses are released in fecal matter
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because Rotaviruses are not a major cause of meningitis; they primarily cause gastroenteritis. This is because Rotaviruses infect the gastrointestinal tract, not the central nervous system. Choice A is incorrect because there is no specific antiviral therapy for Rotaviruses. Choice B is correct as Rotaviruses are indeed widespread globally. Choice D is correct as Rotaviruses are shed in large amounts in feces, contributing to their ability to spread easily.
Which of the following diseases is transmitted by the fecal–oral route?
- A. Ehrlichiosis
- B. Peptic ulcer
- C. Lyme disease
- D. Tularemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcers are commonly caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria, which can be transmitted through the fecal-oral route. This means that the bacteria from infected feces can be ingested through contaminated food or water, leading to the development of peptic ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract.
Incorrect choices:
A: Ehrlichiosis - Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne disease transmitted through the bite of an infected tick, not through the fecal-oral route.
C: Lyme disease - Lyme disease is also transmitted through the bite of an infected tick, specifically the black-legged tick.
D: Tularemia - Tularemia is a bacterial disease typically transmitted through insect bites, handling of infected animals, or ingestion of contaminated water, not through the fecal-oral route.