Trichinosis is an infection caused by ingestion of a:
- A. nematode
- B. virus
- C. bacteria
- D. fungus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: nematode. Trichinosis is caused by the roundworm Trichinella spiralis, a type of nematode. Nematodes are multicellular parasites commonly found in raw or undercooked meat. Viruses, bacteria, and fungi do not cause trichinosis. Viruses are not parasitic worms, bacteria are single-celled organisms, and fungi are eukaryotic organisms distinct from nematodes. Therefore, the ingestion of nematodes, not viruses, bacteria, or fungi, leads to trichinosis.
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Gram-negative rods producing red colonies on Endo agar were isolated from a fecal sample. The bacteria were lactose-fermenting. What microorganism is likely responsible?
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Salmonella
- C. Shigella
- D. Proteus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Escherichia coli. E. coli is a Gram-negative rod that ferments lactose, leading to red colonies on Endo agar. This bacterium is commonly found in the human gut and is known for its ability to ferment lactose. Salmonella and Shigella are also Gram-negative rods but do not ferment lactose, so they would not produce red colonies on Endo agar. Proteus is a Gram-negative rod that is not known for its lactose-fermenting ability and would not produce red colonies on Endo agar. Therefore, based on the characteristics provided, E. coli is the most likely microorganism responsible for the red colonies on Endo agar.
During the examination of a patient, who had been to the mountain pasture and had been hospitalized in a bad condition with fever, the doctor found out the enlargement of inguinal lymph nodes to 8 cm, which were attached to the surrounding tissues, immovable, the skin above them was red and tender. The microscopic examination of the node revealed acute serohemorrhagic inflammation. What disease is it typical for?
- A. Brucellosis
- B. Plague
- C. Anthrax
- D. Tularemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale:
1. The patient has symptoms of fever, enlarged lymph nodes, red and tender skin, which are indicative of systemic infection.
2. The inguinal lymph nodes in plague become enlarged, tender, and painful, forming buboes.
3. The presence of acute serohemorrhagic inflammation in the lymph node is characteristic of plague.
4. Plague is a zoonotic bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis, commonly transmitted through fleas from rodents.
5. Brucellosis, anthrax, and tularemia do not typically present with inguinal lymph node involvement and acute serohemorrhagic inflammation.
Summary:
- Brucellosis: Usually presents with flu-like symptoms, joint pain, and fever, not inguinal lymph node enlargement.
- Anthrax: Presents with skin lesions, respiratory symptoms, or gastrointestinal symptoms, not inguinal lymph node involvement.
- Tularemia: Presents with fever, skin ulcers,
The basic method for routine mumps diagnosis is;
- A. PCR
- B. Isolation on cell cultures
- C. ELISA
- D. Immunofluorescence method
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Isolation on cell cultures. This method is the gold standard for routine mumps diagnosis as it involves isolating the virus in cell cultures to confirm the presence of the mumps virus. PCR (choice A) is used for detecting viral RNA, not for routine diagnosis. ELISA (choice C) detects antibodies, not the virus itself. Immunofluorescence method (choice D) is used for visualizing viral antigens but is not as reliable as isolating the virus in cell cultures for diagnosis.
Subcutaneous mycoses occur predominantly in the:
- A. tropics
- B. deserts
- C. forests of the Northern Hemisphere
- D. Rocky Mountains
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Subcutaneous mycoses are fungal infections that affect the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and bones. The correct answer is A: tropics, as these infections are more commonly found in warm and humid regions. Fungi that cause subcutaneous mycoses thrive in tropical climates due to the favorable conditions for their growth and transmission. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because deserts (B) have dry conditions not conducive to fungal growth, forests of the Northern Hemisphere (C) have varying climates that may not support the specific fungi causing subcutaneous mycoses, and the Rocky Mountains (D) are not typically associated with the high humidity required for these infections.
The eukaryotes known for the presence of a macronucleus and a micronucleus are:
- A. algae
- B. fungi
- C. protozoans
- D. slime molds
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: protozoans. Protozoans are eukaryotic organisms that possess both a macronucleus, responsible for general cell functions, and a micronucleus, involved in genetic processes like reproduction. Algae (choice A) typically have a single nucleus, fungi (choice B) lack distinct macronucleus and micronucleus structures, and slime molds (choice D) do not have the same nucleus organization as protozoans. Thus, protozoans are the only group among the choices that exhibit the specific characteristics of having both a macronucleus and a micronucleus.