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Two weeks after hemotransfusion a patient developed fever. What protozoal disease can be suspected?
- A. Malaria
- B. Toxoplasmosis
- C. Leishmaniasis
- D. Amebiasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Malaria. Two weeks after hemotransfusion, the onset of fever indicates a possible bloodborne infection. Malaria is a protozoal disease transmitted through infected blood, causing symptoms like fever. Toxoplasmosis, Leishmaniasis, and Amebiasis are not typically associated with fever following hemotransfusion. Malaria fits the timeline and mode of transmission in this scenario.
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Which of the following microorganisms require a moist environment to survive and most often live in ponds, streams, lakes, and oceans?
- A. Mycorrhizae
- B. Armillaria gallica
- C. Blastospores
- D. Blastospores
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Blastospores. Blastospores are a type of fungal spore that requires a moist environment to survive. They are commonly found in water bodies like ponds, streams, lakes, and oceans. Mycorrhizae (A) are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots, not solely dependent on a moist environment. Armillaria gallica (B) is a type of fungus that can survive in various environmental conditions, not specifically reliant on a moist environment. Choice C is a duplicate of Blastospores, making it incorrect.
The specific prevention (by vaccination) of the disease gas gangrene (caused by Clostridium perfringens) is based on:
- A. Killed whole cell vaccine
- B. Anatoxin
- C. There is no specific prevention by vaccination
- D. Alive attenuated vaccine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Anatoxin. An anatoxin is a toxin that has been rendered harmless while retaining its ability to stimulate an immune response. Gas gangrene is caused by the toxins produced by Clostridium perfringens, not the bacteria itself. Therefore, vaccination with an anatoxin can trigger the immune system to produce antibodies against the toxin, providing immunity against the disease.
A: Killed whole cell vaccine - Gas gangrene is caused by toxins, not the whole bacterium. This type of vaccine may not be effective in preventing the disease.
C: There is no specific prevention by vaccination - This is incorrect, as vaccination with an anatoxin can prevent gas gangrene.
D: Alive attenuated vaccine - Attenuated vaccines contain live, weakened forms of the pathogen. However, for gas gangrene prevention, targeting the specific toxin with an anatoxin vaccine is more appropriate.
A man uses dentures. The dentist has noticed mucosal lecions with a white coating in his oral cavity. Microscopy of the coating detected large oval Gram-positive cells. What microorganisms have caused stomatitis in the patient?
- A. Yeast-like fungi of Candida genus
- B. Actinomycetes
- C. Streptococci
- D. Oral spirochetes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Yeast-like fungi of Candida genus. Candida is a common cause of oral thrush/stomatitis, characterized by mucosal lesions with white coating. The presence of large oval Gram-positive cells is indicative of Candida species. Actinomycetes (B) are filamentous bacteria and not oval Gram-positive cells. Streptococci (C) are spherical bacteria, not oval, and are not commonly associated with stomatitis. Oral spirochetes (D) are spiral-shaped bacteria and not oval Gram-positive cells typically seen in Candida infections. Thus, A is the correct choice based on the characteristic morphology and clinical presentation.
Bacterial infections of the female reproductive system include:
- A. vaginitis, toxic shock syndrome, endometritis, and salpingitis
- B. nephritis, endometritis, vaginitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease
- C. toxic shock syndrome, nephritis, endometritis, and cystitis
- D. endometritis, vaginitis, cystitis, and toxic shock syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Vaginitis is a common bacterial infection in the female reproductive system.
2. Toxic shock syndrome can be caused by certain bacterial infections.
3. Endometritis is inflammation of the endometrium often due to bacterial infections.
4. Salpingitis is inflammation of the fallopian tubes, commonly caused by bacteria.
Summary:
- Choice B: Nephritis is a kidney infection, not related to female reproductive system infections.
- Choice C: Nephritis and cystitis are not specific to the female reproductive system.
- Choice D: Cystitis is a bladder infection, not typically considered part of female reproductive system infections.
The function of beta-lactamase in bacteria is to:
- A. Break down antibiotics like penicillin
- B. Enhance protein synthesis
- C. Facilitate DNA replication
- D. Transport nutrients
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Break down antibiotics like penicillin. Beta-lactamase is an enzyme produced by bacteria to inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillin by breaking the beta-lactam ring. This mechanism helps bacteria resist the antibiotic's effects. The other choices are incorrect because beta-lactamase does not enhance protein synthesis, facilitate DNA replication, or transport nutrients. It specifically targets and deactivates beta-lactam antibiotics, making choice A the most appropriate answer.