Nokea
Urinary tract infection:
- A. Usually leads to vesico-ureteric reflux
- B. Is more common in boys than girls under a year of age
- C. In boys,is most commonly caused by Proteus mirabilis
- D. Is associated with constipation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are often associated with constipation in children, as stool retention can increase the risk of bacterial colonization in the urinary tract.
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Which congenital cardiac defect(s) cause(s) increased pulmonary blood flow? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Atrial septal defects (ASDs)
- B. Tetralogy of Fallot
- C. Dextroposition of aorta
- D. Patent ductus arteriosus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The congenital heart defects that cause increased pulmonary blood flow are ASDs, VSDs, and patent ductus arteriosus.
All of the following are true about a small VSD EXCEPT
- A. spontaneous closure is more common in muscular vs. membranous defects
- B. closure usually occurs in the first 2 years of life
- C. there is no risk of endocarditis
- D. pulmonary pressures are normal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Even small VSDs carry a risk of endocarditis until they close.
A male client in skeletal traction tells the nurse that he is frustrated because he needs help repositioning himself in bed. Which intervention should the nurse implement?
- A. Provide an overhead trapeze to the bed for the client to use
- B. Assist the client with repositioning every hour to prevent discomfort.
- C. Encourage the client to use a bedpan instead of getting up to the bathroom.
- D. Offer additional pain medication to help the client relax.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An overhead trapeze allows the client to reposition independently, promoting autonomy and reducing frustration.
An infant who has been in foster care since birth requires a blood transfusion. Who is authorized to give written, informed consent for the procedure?
- A. The foster mother
- B. The social worker who placed the infant in the foster home
- C. The registered nurse caring for the infant
- D. The nurse-manager
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The foster mother, as the primary caregiver, is typically authorized to provide consent for medical procedures.
Features predisposing to NEC (necrotising enterocolitis) in the neonatal period include:
- A. Short fixation
- B. Asphyxia
- C. Umbilical artery catheter
- D. Maternal Crohn's disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Asphyxia is a known risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) due to its effect on intestinal blood flow, leading to bowel ischemia and increased risk of bacterial translocation.