Nokea
Uterine apoplexy is associated with
- A. Incidental haemorrhage
- B. Placental abruption
- C. Multiple pregnancy
- D. Placenta praevia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Uterine apoplexy is the sudden rupture of blood vessels in the uterus, leading to severe hemorrhage. Placental abruption is the most likely cause due to the separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, resulting in bleeding. Incidental hemorrhage is not sudden or severe. Multiple pregnancy may increase the risk but doesn't directly cause uterine apoplexy. Placenta previa involves the placenta covering the cervix, leading to bleeding but not necessarily uterine rupture. Therefore, the correct answer is B.
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Excessive bleeding from the genital tract after the first 24 hours, but within the puerperium period, is referred to as
- A. Primary postpartum haemorrhage
- B. Tertiary postpartum haemorrhage
- C. Secondary postpartum haemorrhage
- D. Incidental postpartum haemorrhage
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Secondary postpartum haemorrhage. This term refers to excessive bleeding from the genital tract after the first 24 hours but within the puerperium period (6 weeks postpartum).
A: Primary postpartum haemorrhage occurs within the first 24 hours after delivery.
B: Tertiary postpartum haemorrhage occurs more than 6 weeks postpartum.
D: Incidental postpartum haemorrhage is not a recognized medical term for postpartum bleeding.
Use of bed cradle in the management of leg thrombosis is meant to:
- A. Keep the legs straight
- B. Prevent embolism
- C. Control body temperature
- D. Promote venous drainage
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The use of bed cradle in leg thrombosis management is to promote venous drainage. Elevating the legs on a bed cradle helps improve blood flow back to the heart, reducing swelling and preventing blood clots. Keeping the legs straight (A) is not the main purpose. Preventing embolism (B) is important but not the direct purpose of a bed cradle. Controlling body temperature (C) is unrelated to the use of a bed cradle for leg thrombosis.
Bipartite placenta and succenturiate lobe are causes of
- A. Placenta abruptio
- B. Placenta calcification
- C. Placenta praevia
- D. Placental insufficiency
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Placental insufficiency. A bipartite placenta and succenturiate lobe are structural abnormalities that can lead to placental insufficiency. This is because these conditions can interfere with proper blood flow and nutrient exchange between the mother and fetus, resulting in decreased oxygen and nutrients reaching the fetus, leading to placental insufficiency. Placental abruption (choice A), placental calcification (choice B), and placenta previa (choice C) are not directly associated with bipartite placenta or succenturiate lobe and do not specifically cause placental insufficiency.
Achalasia is a risk factor for
- A. Squamous cell carcinoma
- B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- C. Esophageal atrophy
- D. Malabsorption syndromes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Achalasia is a motility disorder characterized by impaired esophageal peristalsis and lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. This dysfunction can lead to stagnant food in the esophagus, causing regurgitation and increased intra-esophageal pressure, which can trigger GERD. Squamous cell carcinoma (choice A) is not directly linked to achalasia. Esophageal atrophy (choice C) is not a typical consequence of achalasia. Malabsorption syndromes (choice D) are not directly associated with achalasia.
An oedematous swelling on the newborn’s scalp is indicative of
- A. Caput succedaneum
- B. Subgaleal hemorrhage
- C. Intracranial injury
- D. Neonatal cephalhematoma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Caput succedaneum. This swelling is a result of pressure during birth and typically resolves on its own. Subgaleal hemorrhage involves bleeding into the potential space between the periosteum and skull, presenting as a boggy mass. Intracranial injury refers to damage within the skull, often due to trauma. Neonatal cephalhematoma is a subperiosteal collection of blood, causing a localized swelling. Caput succedaneum is the most likely diagnosis based on the description provided.