Nokea
Ventricular septal defect has the following blood flow pattern:
- A. Mixed blood flow
- B. Increased pulmonary blood flow
- C. Decreased pulmonary blood flow
- D. Obstruction to blood flow from ventricles
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice B (Increased pulmonary blood flow) being correct:
1. Ventricular septal defect results in a communication between the left and right ventricles.
2. This causes increased blood flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle.
3. The increased blood flow is then directed to the pulmonary circulation, leading to increased pulmonary blood flow.
4. This results in volume overload of the pulmonary vasculature.
5. The other choices are incorrect because a ventricular septal defect does not cause mixed blood flow, decreased pulmonary blood flow, or obstruction to blood flow from ventricles.
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Which is not a good prognostic factor in ALL?
- A. Mature B cell immunophenotype
- B. Female gender
- C. Hyperploidy
- D. Age 4-10 years
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mature B cell immunophenotype. In ALL, a mature B cell immunophenotype is associated with a poorer prognosis because it indicates that the leukemia cells have progressed to a more advanced stage of differentiation, making them more aggressive and resistant to treatment. On the other hand, choices B, C, and D are good prognostic factors in ALL. Female gender is associated with a better response to treatment, hyperploidy is a favorable genetic feature, and age 4-10 years is a common age group with a higher likelihood of responding well to treatment.
Age-related changes altering assessment techniques include all the following except?
- A. Progressive hair loss
- B. Dentition deteriorates with cavities
- C. Nail beds thickened or discolored
- D. Skin becomes dry
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because changes in dentition with cavities are not directly related to aging; they can occur at any age due to poor oral hygiene. Progressive hair loss, thickened/discolored nail beds, and dry skin are common age-related changes. Hair loss is linked to hormonal changes, nail bed changes may indicate poor circulation, and dry skin is a result of decreased oil production. Therefore, B is the correct answer as it does not specifically relate to age-related changes.
What should be monitored when a patient is taking NSAIDs? (Select one that does not apply)
- A. Gds
- B. CNS adverse effects
- C. Cardiac adverse effects
- D. Renal adverse effects
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A (Gds) because monitoring gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects is essential when a patient is taking NSAIDs due to the increased risk of ulcers, bleeding, and perforation.
B: CNS adverse effects are potential side effects of NSAIDs, so monitoring for symptoms like headache, dizziness, and confusion is necessary.
C: Cardiac adverse effects such as increased risk of heart attack and stroke should be monitored in patients taking NSAIDs.
D: Renal adverse effects like decreased kidney function and fluid retention are common with NSAIDs and warrant monitoring.
In summary, choice A (Gds) does not apply because GI adverse effects are a crucial consideration when monitoring patients on NSAIDs, making it the correct answer.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of inflammation?
- A. inactivation of macrophages
- B. increased vascular permeability and edema
- C. vasodilation
- D. pain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: inactivation of macrophages. Inflammation involves activation of macrophages to help phagocytize pathogens. Inactivation of macrophages would hinder the immune response. Increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, and pain are all typical characteristics of inflammation. Macrophages play a crucial role in the inflammatory response by engulfing and destroying pathogens, therefore, inactivation of macrophages is not a characteristic of inflammation.
Which types of cells develop from yolk sacs (Mesoblastic phase)?
- A. Hb F, Hg A2, and Hg A
- B. Gower 1 and Gower 2 Hgb
- C. Portland Hgb
- D. Only Erythroblasts
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
1. During the mesoblastic phase of erythropoiesis in the yolk sac, only erythroblasts develop.
2. Erythroblasts are precursors of red blood cells and are responsible for producing hemoglobin.
3. Other choices (A, B, C) mention specific types of hemoglobins or cells that are not directly related to the mesoblastic phase.
4. Hb F, Hg A2, Hg A are adult hemoglobin types, Gower 1 and Gower 2 are embryonic hemoglobins, and Portland Hgb is an abnormal hemoglobin.
5. Therefore, the correct answer is D because only erythroblasts develop from yolk sacs during the mesoblastic phase.