Nokea
Volunteers in a study are assigned randomly to groups. Some of the volunteers receive an herbal supplement that is reputed to control nausea, and some of the volunteers are assigned to a control group where a placebo is administered. This is an example of a(n):
- A. longitudinal study.
- B. appraisal tool.
- C. meta-analysis.
- D. RCT.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: RCT (Randomized Controlled Trial). In this study design, volunteers are randomly assigned to groups to receive either the herbal supplement or a placebo, allowing for comparison of the effects. This random assignment helps minimize bias and ensures that any observed differences between the groups are likely due to the treatment. A longitudinal study (A) follows subjects over an extended period, which is not described here. An appraisal tool (B) is used to evaluate research quality, not a study design. Meta-analysis (C) involves combining results from multiple studies, not assigning treatments.
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A nurse is a member of a quality-improvement committee seeking to reduce the risk of adverse events in a health care facility. When reviewing recently submitted incident reports, which of the following incidents should the nurse identify as a sentinel event?
- A. Surgery to the wrong site was stopped prior to a procedure.
- B. Paralysis of a client's lower extremities occurred following epidural anesthesia.
- C. A client fall during ambulation did not result in client injury.
- D. A complaint that a nurse was culturally insensitive was made by a client's family member.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Paralysis of a client's lower extremities occurred following epidural anesthesia. This incident should be identified as a sentinel event because it resulted in a serious harm or death to the patient. Sentinel events are defined as unexpected occurrences involving death or serious physical or psychological injury. In this case, the paralysis of the client's lower extremities following epidural anesthesia qualifies as a serious physical injury. The other choices do not meet the criteria for a sentinel event: A did not result in harm, C did not result in client injury, and D involves a complaint of cultural insensitivity which, while important, does not meet the criteria of a sentinel event.
A nurse in an acute care setting is serving on a committee whose charge is to use the auditing process to client care. Which of the following aspects of client care is measured by an outcome audit?
- A. Incidence of catheter-induced urinary tract infections.
- B. Nursing staff ratios.
- C. Availability of resources, such as fire extinguishers.
- D. Quality of nursing care provided.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because an outcome audit measures the results or outcomes of client care, such as the incidence of catheter-induced urinary tract infections. This type of audit evaluates the effectiveness of the care provided and focuses on patient outcomes. Choices B and C are incorrect as they pertain to process audits, which assess how care is delivered and the availability of resources, respectively. Choice D is incorrect because it is too broad and does not specifically address a measurable outcome. Choices E, F, and G are not provided, but they would likely be incorrect unless they specifically relate to measurable outcomes of client care.
Feedback from staff suggests that the new scale is too difficult for patients who have limited language skills and who are already under duress to understand. The difficulty in implementing the new scale refers to testing:
- A. practice failure.
- B. efficacy.
- C. effectiveness.
- D. comparative error.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: effectiveness. In this scenario, the feedback indicates that the new scale is not effective for patients with limited language skills and under duress. The term "effectiveness" in testing refers to how well a test measures what it is intended to measure. In this case, the new scale is not effectively measuring the intended outcomes due to the difficulties faced by the patients.
A: Practice failure does not directly address the issue of the new scale being difficult for certain patients.
B: Efficacy typically refers to how well a treatment works under ideal conditions, not the appropriateness of a test for specific populations.
D: Comparative error is not relevant in this context and does not address the issue of the new scale being too difficult for certain patients.
In summary, the correct answer is C because the feedback indicates a lack of effectiveness in the new scale for patients with limited language skills and under duress.
To help nurse managers better manage their time, the chief nursing officer suggests that they:
- A. Progress through the workday without a plan.
- B. Put off important tasks until they feel motivated to start them.
- C. Only accept projects that exactly fit their specifications.
- D. Decline requests that are not in alignment with their priorities.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Decline requests that are not in alignment with their priorities. This is the best option for nurse managers to manage their time effectively. By focusing on tasks that align with their priorities, they can ensure they are using their time efficiently and effectively. Progressing without a plan (choice A) is not recommended as it can lead to disorganization and inefficiency. Putting off important tasks (choice B) is counterproductive and can lead to increased stress and missed deadlines. Only accepting projects that fit exact specifications (choice C) may limit opportunities for growth and development. In summary, by declining requests that do not align with priorities, nurse managers can optimize their time management and focus on what truly matters.
A nurse manager has recently become aware of a conflict between the pharmacy and the staff nurses regarding sending and receiving medications. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first to resolve the conflict?
- A. Evaluate the results.
- B. Identify the problem.
- C. Brainstorm solutions.
- D. Implement a resolution.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Identify the problem. The first step in resolving any conflict is to understand the root cause. By identifying the problem between the pharmacy and staff nurses, the nurse manager can gain insight into the specific issues causing the conflict. This step allows for a targeted and strategic approach to finding solutions. Evaluating results (A) comes after implementing a resolution, brainstorming solutions (C) is premature without a clear understanding of the problem, and implementing a resolution (D) should only occur once the problem has been fully identified and a plan developed.