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What are FOUR possible differential diagnoses associated with aortopathy in a child, aside from Marfan’s?
- A. Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (vascular type IV)
- B. Bicuspid aortic valve
- C. Takayasu Arteritis
- D. Unrepaired coarctation of the aorta
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: These are potential differential diagnoses associated with aortopathy in children, aside from Marfan’s syndrome, which is a common condition linked to aortic dilation.
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A cardiac catheterization of a client with heart disease indicates the following blockages: 95% proximal left anterior descending (LAD), 99% proximal circumflex, and ? % proximal right coronary artery (RCA). The client later asks the nurse 'what does all this mean for me?' What information should the nurse provide?
- A. Blood supply to the heart is diminished by atherosclerotic lesions, which necessitate lifestyle changes.
- B. Blood vessels supplying the pumping chamber have blockages indicating a past heart attack.
- C. Three main arteries have major blockages, with only 1 to 5% of blood flow getting through to the heart muscle.
- D. The heart is not receiving enough blood, so there is a risk of heart failure and fluid retention.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: This explanation provides a clear understanding of the severity of the blockages and the implications for the client's heart function.
While looking through the chart of an infant with a congenital heart defect (CHD) of decreased pulmonary blood flow, the nurse would expect which laboratory finding?
- A. Decreased platelet count
- B. Polycythemia
- C. Decreased ferritin level
- D. Shift to the left
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic hypoxemia in CHD leads to polycythemia as a compensatory mechanism.
The following drugs are contraindicated in renal failure:
- A. Nitrofurantoin
- B. Carbamazepine
- C. Salbutamol
- D. Metolazone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Nitrofurantoin is contraindicated in renal failure due to the risk of accumulation and subsequent toxicity, as the kidneys are unable to excrete the drug effectively.
An adult female with multiple sclerosis (MS) falls while walking to the bathroom. On transfer to the intensive care unit, she is confused and has had projectile vomiting twice. Which intervention should the nurse implement first?
- A. Determine client's last dose of corticosteroids
- B. Determine neurological baseline prior to the fall
- C. Administer a PRN IV antiemetic as prescribed
- D. Complete head to toe neurological assessment.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The symptoms suggest increased intracranial pressure or a neurological emergency. A thorough neurological assessment is necessary to identify the cause and guide further interventions.
Cataracts are recognised in:
- A. Hyperthyroidism
- B. Down syndrome
- C. Graves' disease
- D. PKU
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cataracts are a recognized feature in Down syndrome. They are not typically associated with Hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease, or PKU.