Nokea
What are positively charged ions called?
- A. Neutrons
- B. Protons
- C. Cations
- D. Electrons
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Positively charged ions are called cations. When an atom loses electrons, it becomes positively charged and is referred to as a cation. Neutrons are neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom, not charged. Protons are positively charged particles in the nucleus. Electrons are negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus, not positively charged ions.
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What type of reactions take place in the nucleus to achieve stable nuclear configurations?
- A. Chemical
- B. Nuclear
- C. Physical
- D. Mechanical
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Nuclear reactions occur within the nucleus to achieve stable nuclear configurations. These reactions involve changes in the composition of atomic nuclei, leading to the formation of more stable elements. Chemical reactions occur in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus, while physical and mechanical processes do not directly impact the stability of nuclear configurations. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Nuclear.'
What can stop the penetration of beta radiation particles?
- A. Plastic
- B. Glass
- C. Aluminum foil
- D. Concrete
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Beta radiation particles are high-energy, fast-moving electrons or positrons. Aluminum foil is effective in stopping beta radiation due to its ability to absorb and block these particles. When beta particles interact with the aluminum foil, they lose energy and are absorbed, preventing their penetration. Plastic and glass are not as effective as aluminum foil in stopping beta radiation. While concrete provides some shielding against beta particles, aluminum foil is a more suitable material for this purpose as it offers better absorption and blocking capabilities.
What term refers to the average of the masses of each of its isotopes as they occur in nature?
- A. Atomic number
- B. Mass number
- C. Atomic mass
- D. Neutron number
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is atomic mass. Atomic mass is the weighted average of the masses of an element's isotopes. It takes into account the abundance of each isotope in nature to provide a more accurate representation of the element's overall mass.
Choice A, atomic number, represents the number of protons in an atom. Choice B, mass number, refers to the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. Choice D, neutron number, specifically focuses on the count of neutrons in an atom's nucleus. These choices do not directly relate to the average mass of isotopes as asked in the question.
What determines polarity in a molecule?
- A. Bond length
- B. Bond strength
- C. Electronegativity
- D. Molecular weight
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Polarity in a molecule is determined by the difference in electronegativity between the atoms forming the bond. The greater the difference in electronegativity, the more polar the bond and molecule become. This difference leads to an uneven distribution of electron density within the bond, creating partial positive and negative charges on the atoms involved. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Bond length and strength do not determine polarity, and molecular weight is not directly related to the polarity of a molecule.
What charge do Group IIIA elements have?
- A. +1
- B. +2
- C. +3
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Group IIIA elements, also known as Group 13 elements, have a common oxidation state of +3. This is because they have three valence electrons and tend to lose these electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration, resulting in a +3 charge. Choice A (+1) and Choice B (+2) are incorrect because Group IIIA elements typically lose all three valence electrons to attain a stable configuration, leading to a +3 charge. Choice D (0) is incorrect as these elements do not gain electrons but rather lose them, resulting in a positive charge.