Nokea
What are protective factors? Give an example of one and explain how it can impact a person's later functioning.
- A. Protective factors are influences that modify a person's response to environmental stressors, making adverse consequences less likely.
- B. An example of a protective factor is having a warm and caring parent, which may lead to resilience.
- C. Protective factors usually lead to resilience, the ability to adapt successfully to stressful circumstances.
- D. Protective factors always prevent the development of psychopathology.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Protective factors are influences that modify a person's response to environmental stressors, reducing the likelihood of adverse outcomes. An example of a protective factor is having a warm and caring parent, which can foster resilience in individuals. Resilience allows individuals to adapt successfully to stressful situations. Choice A is incorrect as protective factors do not always prevent adverse consequences but reduce their likelihood. Choice C is incorrect as resilience is the outcome of protective factors, not the other way around. Choice D is incorrect as while protective factors can reduce the risk of psychopathology, they do not always prevent its development.
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John Bowlby's attachment theory emphasized ________.
- A. the social environment in forming attachments.
- B. the quality of parental care in forming attachments.
- C. the quality of early reinforcers and stimulation in forming attachments.
- D. the necessity of independence from parental figures in forming attachments.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: John Bowlby's attachment theory emphasized the quality of parental care in forming attachments. This is because Bowlby believed that a child's early experiences with their primary caregiver, especially the quality of care and responsiveness received, significantly influence the child's ability to form secure attachments. Choice A is incorrect because while the social environment plays a role, Bowlby's theory focused more on the caregiver-child relationship. Choice C is incorrect as it does not capture the central role of parental care highlighted in Bowlby's theory. Choice D is also incorrect as Bowlby's theory actually emphasized the importance of a secure attachment to parental figures for healthy emotional development.
Why is it particularly useful to study identical twins who were raised in different environments?
- A. Differences in brain function can be easily identified.
- B. Concordance rates tend to be higher.
- C. It is possible that the genetics of twins who have been separated have changed in ways to explain any differences found.
- D. It is possible that high concordance rates between identical twins reared together are due to their being treated more similarly than nonidentical twins.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Studying identical twins raised in different environments allows researchers to understand the impact of genetics versus environmental factors on traits. Choice A is incorrect because differences in brain function can be influenced by a variety of factors and not solely by environmental differences. Choice B is incorrect as concordance rates tend to be higher in identical twins reared together due to shared genetics and environment. Choice C is incorrect because genetics do not change due to being raised in different environments.
Dr. Fox studies the causes of depression. In other words, she looks at factors that play a role in the ________ of depression.
- A. etiology
- B. epidemiology
- C. prevalence
- D. resiliency
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, 'etiology.' Etiology specifically deals with the causes or origins of diseases like depression. Choice B, 'epidemiology,' focuses on the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. Choice C, 'prevalence,' refers to the proportion of a population found to have a condition. Choice D, 'resiliency,' relates to the ability to recover from or adjust to challenges.
What is the diathesis-stress model of psychopathology?
- A. The idea that stress is the primary cause of psychopathology.
- B. A model that focuses solely on genetic predispositions.
- C. A theory that involves only environmental factors in the development of disorders.
- D. A person must have both a vulnerability for a disorder and exposure to stressors to develop the disorder.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The diathesis-stress model of psychopathology posits that individuals must have a vulnerability or predisposition to a disorder (diathesis) and be exposed to stressful environmental factors for the disorder to manifest. This model emphasizes the interaction between genetic or biological vulnerabilities (diathesis) and environmental stressors. Choice A is incorrect because the model does not suggest that stress is the sole cause of psychopathology. Choice B is incorrect as the model considers both genetic predispositions and environmental stressors. Choice C is incorrect because the diathesis-stress model acknowledges the role of both genetic and environmental factors in the development of disorders.
How do socioeconomic factors influence mental health?
- A. Socioeconomic factors have no impact on mental health.
- B. Socioeconomic factors are the primary determinants of mental health.
- C. Socioeconomic factors are irrelevant to mental health.
- D. Socioeconomic factors can exacerbate but not cause mental health issues.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Socioeconomic factors are indeed primary determinants of mental health. These factors influence mental health by impacting access to resources, stress levels, and overall well-being. Choice A is incorrect as socioeconomic factors do have a significant impact on mental health. Choice C is incorrect as socioeconomic factors play a crucial role in mental health outcomes. Choice D is incorrect as socioeconomic factors can both exacerbate and cause mental health issues.