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What are some possible hazards associated with the organochloride pesticide DDT?
- A. Bioaccumulation and reproductive toxicity.
- B. Immediate skin irritation and respiratory distress.
- C. Increased crop yield and soil fertility.
- D. Improved water quality and biodiversity.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: DDT bioaccumulates in ecosystems and is linked to reproductive and developmental toxicity in wildlife and humans.
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Describe the significance for epidemiology of associating the environment with disease causality.
- A. It helps identify environmental risk factors.
- B. It proves that diseases are not contagious.
- C. It eliminates the need for clinical trials.
- D. It supports genetic research.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Linking the environment to disease causality allows for targeted public health interventions to reduce exposure to harmful factors.
What might explain a sudden increase in disease reports in one county?
- A. An outbreak in the county.
- B. Batch reports.
- C. Duplicate reports.
- D. Increase in the county's population and laboratory error.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Duplicate reports inflate the apparent number of cases without reflecting true incidence.
Father of medical sociology
- A. Macintyre
- B. Hippocrates
- C. john snow
- D. none
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Alfred McClung Macintyre is considered the father of medical sociology.
How might changes in legislation to limit smoking in public places be considered a natural experiment?
- A. It provides real-world data on health impacts.
- B. It eliminates the need for clinical trials.
- C. It focuses solely on economic outcomes.
- D. It proves that smoking is harmless.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Legislative changes create natural experiments by observing health outcomes before and after implementation.
validity stands for.
- A. accuracy
- B. reliability
- C. consistency
- D. all
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure.