Nokea
What are stem cells that can develop into many different cell types, but not a complete organism, known as?
- A. Totipotent stem cells
- B. Multipotent stem cells
- C. Pluripotent stem cells
- D. Hematopoietic stem cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pluripotent stem cells are capable of developing into many different cell types, but they cannot form a complete organism. Totipotent stem cells have the ability to give rise to all cell types in an organism, including extraembryonic tissues, enabling them to form a complete organism. Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into a limited range of cell types. Hematopoietic stem cells specifically give rise to blood cells.
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Which term refers to the space where lymph flows through the body?
- A. Artery
- B. Lumen
- C. Interstitial space
- D. Vein
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Interstitial space. This term specifically refers to the area where lymph flows between tissues. Lymph does not flow through arteries (choice A) or veins (choice D) as these vessels carry blood. The term 'lumen' (choice B) refers to the inside space of a tubular structure, like a blood vessel, but it does not specifically denote the space where lymph flows through the body.
What is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney?
- A. Neuron
- B. Nephron
- C. Glomerulus
- D. Axon
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Nephron. The nephron is indeed the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is responsible for filtering blood, regulating electrolytes, maintaining fluid balance, and removing waste products. Choice A, Neuron, is incorrect as neurons are nerve cells, not specific to kidney function. Choice C, Glomerulus, is a component of the nephron but not the entire functional unit. Choice D, Axon, is a part of nerve cells and is not related to kidney structure or function.
DNA has both a 'sense' and 'antisense' strand. What is true about the antisense strand?
- A. It runs 5' to 3'.
- B. It runs 3' to 5'.
- C. It is used in replication.
- D. It is the direction DNA is stored.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'It runs 3' to 5'. The antisense strand runs in the 3' to 5' direction, complementing the sense strand. Choice A is incorrect as the antisense strand runs in the opposite direction, which is 3' to 5'. Choice C is incorrect because the antisense strand is not directly involved in replication. Choice D is incorrect as the direction DNA is stored is not determined by the antisense strand.
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
- A. To digest food
- B. To transport nutrients
- C. To exchange gases
- D. To regulate body temperature
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: To exchange gases. The primary function of the respiratory system is to facilitate the exchange of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the body and the environment. This process is essential for cellular respiration, where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is removed. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Digesting food is primarily the function of the digestive system, transporting nutrients is the role of the circulatory system, and regulating body temperature is primarily managed by the integumentary system and the nervous system, not the respiratory system.
Which of the following immune cells are part of the innate immune response?
- A. B-cells
- B. Cytotoxic T-cells
- C. Natural Killer cells
- D. Antigen-Presenting Cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Natural Killer cells are a crucial component of the innate immune response. They play a significant role in defending against infected or cancerous cells through their ability to identify and kill abnormal cells. B-cells (Choice A) and Cytotoxic T-cells (Choice B) are part of the adaptive immune response, which involves a more specific and targeted response to pathogens. Antigen-Presenting Cells (Choice D) are also part of the adaptive immune response, where they present antigens to activate other immune cells.