Nokea
What are the three main principles of adaptive immunity?
- A. Respond, Replace, Repair
- B. Recognize, Respond, Remember
- C. Resist, Retain, Recruit
- D. React, Replicate, Restore
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The three main principles of adaptive immunity are Recognize, Respond, Remember.
1. Recognize: Immune system identifies specific pathogens through antigen recognition.
2. Respond: Immune response is triggered to eliminate the pathogen.
3. Remember: Immune system forms memory cells for faster and stronger response upon re-exposure.
Other options are incorrect:
A: Respond, Replace, Repair - Incorrect as it does not reflect the key processes of adaptive immunity.
C: Resist, Retain, Recruit - Incorrect as these terms do not accurately describe the adaptive immune response.
D: React, Replicate, Restore - Incorrect as it does not encompass the essential principles of adaptive immunity.
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All of the following are true with respect to IgE molecules, EXCEPT which one?
- A. They are the principal immunoglobulin class involved in allergic reactions.
- B. They are involved in mediating anti-parasitic immune responses.
- C. They will cross the placenta and fix complement.
- D. They can effect the release of histamine and other chemical mediators.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. IgE molecules do not cross the placenta and fix complement, unlike IgG. IgE is the principal immunoglobulin in allergic reactions (A), mediates anti-parasitic immune responses (B), and triggers the release of histamine and other mediators (D). IgE plays a specific role in allergic responses and defense against parasites. IgG is the main immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta and fixes complement. Therefore, IgE does not share this function.
Which of the following statements is false about dendritic cells
- A. Found in tissues
- B. Are sessile cells only found in lymph nodes
- C. Express high levels of MHC molecules
- D. Best at activating naïve T cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because dendritic cells are not only found in lymph nodes but also in tissues. These cells are antigen-presenting cells that capture and present antigens to T cells. A, C, and D are true statements about dendritic cells: A) They are found in tissues, C) They express high levels of MHC molecules for antigen presentation, and D) They are best at activating naive T cells due to their ability to prime adaptive immune responses.
The precursor of IL-1β is processed to its active form by
- A. Pro-caspase 1
- B. Caspase 1
- C. Procaspase 8
- D. Caspase 8
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Caspase 1. Caspase 1 is responsible for the cleavage of pro-IL-1β into its active form IL-1β. This process involves the activation of Caspase 1 by various inflammasomes upon sensing danger signals. Pro-caspase 1 (Choice A) is the inactive precursor form of Caspase 1 and is not involved in processing IL-1β. Procaspase 8 (Choice C) and Caspase 8 (Choice D) are part of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway and are not directly involved in the processing of IL-1β. Therefore, the correct choice is Caspase 1 as it specifically cleaves pro-IL-1β to its active form.
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction occurs with rheumatoid arthritis and acute glomerulonephritis?
- A. Type I or IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
- B. Type II or cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction
- C. Type III or immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity reaction
- D. Type IV or delayed hypersensitivity reaction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Type III hypersensitivity involves immune complexes depositing in tissues, leading to inflammation, as seen in rheumatoid arthritis and acute glomerulonephritis.
The inflammatory response produced
- A. by microbial-infected cells
- B. Internal tissue injury
- C. migration of erythrocyts from the spleen
- D. All above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. The inflammatory response can be triggered by microbial-infected cells releasing cytokines, internal tissue injury leading to the release of inflammatory mediators, and the migration of erythrocytes from the spleen in response to inflammation. Therefore, all of the choices - A, B, and C - are correct in contributing to the inflammatory response. Each option plays a role in the complex cascade of events that lead to inflammation.