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What charge do Group IA elements have?
- A. +1
- B. +2
- C. +3
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Group IA elements, also known as alkali metals, have a +1 charge. They readily lose one electron to achieve a stable electron configuration, forming ions with a single positive charge. This makes +1 the correct choice. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because alkali metals in Group IA typically lose one electron, so they do not have a +2, +3, or 0 charge.
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What charge do Group IIIA elements have?
- A. +1
- B. +2
- C. +3
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Group IIIA elements, also known as Group 13 elements, have a common oxidation state of +3. This is because they have three valence electrons and tend to lose these electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration, resulting in a +3 charge. Choice A (+1) and Choice B (+2) are incorrect because Group IIIA elements typically lose all three valence electrons to attain a stable configuration, leading to a +3 charge. Choice D (0) is incorrect as these elements do not gain electrons but rather lose them, resulting in a positive charge.
Which law states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction?
- A. Law of Conservation of Energy
- B. Law of Conservation of Mass
- C. Law of Constant Composition
- D. Law of Multiple Proportions
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, the Law of Conservation of Mass. This law, formulated by Antoine Lavoisier, states that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. It is a fundamental principle in chemistry that explains the preservation of mass during chemical reactions, indicating that the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, not matter.
C: The Law of Constant Composition refers to compounds having the same composition by mass regardless of their source or how they were prepared, not about the conservation of matter in reactions.
D: The Law of Multiple Proportions describes the ratios in which elements combine to form compounds, not the conservation of mass.
What are the three types of intermolecular forces?
- A. Ionic, covalent, hydrogen
- B. Hydrogen bonding, dipole interactions, dispersion forces
- C. Van der Waals, ionic, covalent
- D. Hydrogen, Van der Waals, dispersion forces
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The three types of intermolecular forces are hydrogen bonding, dipole interactions, and dispersion forces. Option A includes ionic and covalent bonds, which are intramolecular forces, not intermolecular. Option C includes van der Waals forces, which encompass dipole interactions and dispersion forces, but also includes ionic and covalent bonds. Option D is close but misses dipole interactions, which are distinct from hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces. Therefore, option B is the correct choice as it includes the three specific types of intermolecular forces.
What determines polarity in a molecule?
- A. Bond length
- B. Bond strength
- C. Electronegativity
- D. Molecular weight
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Polarity in a molecule is determined by the difference in electronegativity between the atoms forming the bond. The greater the difference in electronegativity, the more polar the bond and molecule become. This difference leads to an uneven distribution of electron density within the bond, creating partial positive and negative charges on the atoms involved. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Bond length and strength do not determine polarity, and molecular weight is not directly related to the polarity of a molecule.
What are neutral particles called?
- A. Neutrons
- B. Protons
- C. Electrons
- D. Cations
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neutral particles, which have no electric charge, are known as neutrons. Neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom along with protons. Electrons carry a negative charge and orbit the nucleus. Cations are positively charged ions formed by losing electrons. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Neutrons' as they are the neutral particles in an atom, unlike protons, electrons, or cations.