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What do large intestines absorb?
- A. Water, sodium, and potassium ions
- B. Proteins and carbohydrates
- C. Water, vitamin K, and bile salts
- D. Vitamins A, D, E, K
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. The large intestine absorbs water, vitamin K, bile salts, sodium, and chloride ions. It helps in maintaining the body's water and electrolyte balance, and also plays a role in absorbing certain vitamins and nutrients such as vitamin K. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins A, D, E, and K are primarily absorbed in the small intestine, not the large intestine.
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Which plane divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) halves?
- A. Sagittal/Median Plane
- B. Frontal/Coronal Plane
- C. Transverse/Cross-Section Plane
- D. Horizontal Plane
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Transverse or Cross-Section Plane is the correct answer as it divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) halves. This plane runs horizontally across the body, perpendicular to the long axis, separating the body into upper and lower sections. Choice A, the Sagittal/Median Plane, divides the body into left and right halves, not superior and inferior halves. Choice B, the Frontal/Coronal Plane, divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves. Choice D, the Horizontal Plane, is not a standard anatomical plane used to divide the body into specific sections.
Which types of glial cells are found in the CNS?
- A. Schwann cells, satellite cells
- B. Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes
- C. Satellite cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes
- D. Astrocytes, Schwann cells, satellite cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Glial cells in the CNS include astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. Schwann cells and satellite cells are found in the PNS. Astrocytes are the most abundant type of glial cells and are involved in nutrient support, repair, and maintenance of the extracellular environment. Microglia are the resident immune cells of the CNS, playing a role in immune defense. Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, contributing to the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Oligodendrocytes are responsible for producing myelin, which insulates axons in the CNS. Understanding the specific functions of each type of glial cell is essential in grasping the complexity of the central nervous system's support and protective mechanisms.
Which of the following are the abdominal quadrants?
- A. RUQ, RLQ, LLQ, LUQ
- B. RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
- C. LUQ, RUQ, LLQ, RLQ
- D. LLQ, LUQ, RUQ, RLQ
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ. The four abdominal quadrants are named as follows: Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), and Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ). These quadrants are used in healthcare to describe specific areas of the abdomen during assessments and discussions related to abdominal anatomy and pathology. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not follow the standard order of the abdominal quadrants.
What are the phases of bacterial growth and infection?
- A. Lag, exponential, stationary, death
- B. Exponential, stationary, lag, death
- C. Stationary, exponential, lag, death
- D. Lag, stationary, exponential, death
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lag, exponential, stationary, death. The phases of bacterial growth start with the lag phase where bacteria acclimate to their environment, followed by the exponential phase characterized by rapid growth. This is then followed by the stationary phase where growth slows as resources deplete, and finally, the death phase where the population declines. Choice B is incorrect as it has the order of phases mixed up. Choice C is incorrect as it also has the order of phases mixed up. Choice D is incorrect as it has the stationary phase occurring before the exponential phase, which is inaccurate.
What is an isotope? For any given element, it is an atom with which of the following?
- A. a different atomic number
- B. a different number of protons
- C. a different number of electrons
- D. a different mass number
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: An isotope of an element is an atom with a different number of neutrons, resulting in a different mass number. Isotopes of the same element have the same number of protons (which determines the element's identity) but differ in the number of neutrons, leading to variations in mass numbers. Choice A is incorrect because isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number. Choice B is incorrect because isotopes of the same element have the same number of protons. Choice C is incorrect because isotopes of the same element have the same number of electrons.