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"Don't be afraid." Sounds simple, but for some people it's not. Having the normal maction of being scared or frightened helps you to survive threats of all kinds, both physical and verbal. Most mild fears are outgrown during childhood; however, severe fears, called phoblas, are extreme and unreasonable. Phobias cause out-of-control feelings such as sickness, headaches, ulcers, and high blood pressure. Specific phoblas center around things, activities, or situations while people with social phoblas feel anxiety over social settings where they fear embarrassing situations.
Another type of phobia called panic disorder causes people to sweat, tremble, or even faint due to overwhelming panic which may occur at any time. By talking, breathing deeply, and visualizing, a person can gain control over debilitating phobias
What does the author want to conclude?
- A. People can gain control or deal with phobias.
- B. Phobias should be ignored.
- C. Everyone has a phobia.
- D. Phobias are not serious.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'People can gain control or deal with phobias.' The author discusses different types of severe fears, known as phobias, and how they can manifest physically and emotionally. The text emphasizes that individuals can gain control over debilitating phobias through strategies like talking, deep breathing, and visualization. This conclusion is supported by the information provided in the text, which highlights ways to manage and overcome phobias rather than suggesting they should be ignored, claiming everyone has a phobia, or dismissing the seriousness of phobias.
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Homonyms: English is a vibrant, changing, dynamic language. It allows people to express their thoughts in diverse ways, as there are many synonyms and antonyms to choose from. The hardest part for the English speaker—or those learning English as a second language—
is learning about homonyms. These are words that sound alike but are spelled different ways, with different meanings.
One example is 'Our'. This word, spelled 'one' means the numeral 1, an amount. If spelled 'won,' it means to be victorious. Now words spelling is a difficult skill to master.
Other homonyms encountered by the beginning English speaker are 'To, two, too,' 'four, for, fore,' 'there, their, they're' and 'son, sun' to name just a few. This is one reason that 'spell check' programs on word processing computers cannot be completely accurate, because the way a word is spelled depends on the context of the sentence. Proofreaders will always be in demand.
How does the article define 'Homonyms'?
- A. English words that have their etiology from Latin.
- B. Words that have opposite meanings.
- C. Words that mean the same, or nearly the same; interchangeable.
- D. Words that sound alike but are spelled different ways with different meanings.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Words that sound alike but are spelled different ways with different meanings. The rationale is that the article explicitly states that homonyms are words that sound alike but are spelled differently and have different meanings. This definition aligns perfectly with option D.
Choice A is incorrect because homonyms are not defined by their etymology or origin from Latin. Choice B is incorrect because homonyms are not words that have opposite meanings; words with opposite meanings are known as antonyms. Choice C is incorrect because homonyms are not words that mean the same or nearly the same; that would be synonyms.
The Rainforest: The Amazon River Basin is home to the largest rainforest on Earth. The basin—roughly the size of the forty-eight contiguous United States—covers some 40% of the South American continent, and portions of eight countries. The basin is drained by the Amazon River, the world’s largest river in terms of discharge, and the second longest river in the world after the Nile.
Since 1970, over 600,000 square kilometers (232,000 square miles) of Amazon rainforest have been destroyed. This deforestation is mainly due to land clearing for pastureland by commercial and speculative interests, misguided government policies, and commercial exploitation of forest resources.
Deforestation of the rainforest has long-term implications. The loss of habitat for many creatures ensures their extinction. The loss of vegetation depletes the oxygen in the atmosphere, which some say causes global warming.
What statement is implied by the paragraph?
- A. Much needed pasture and farmland can be obtained by clearing the land.
- B. People should leave the rainforest alone to evolve.
- C. Deforestation has long-term consequences we still do not know about.
- D. Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest is a consequence of progress.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Deforestation has long-term consequences we still do not know about.
Rationale:
1. The paragraph discusses the destruction of the Amazon rainforest and highlights the long-term implications of deforestation.
2. It mentions the loss of habitat for creatures leading to extinction and the depletion of oxygen causing global warming.
3. The statement implies that there are ongoing and potentially unknown consequences of deforestation.
4. Choice A is incorrect as it focuses on the immediate benefits of clearing land for pasture, ignoring the long-term consequences discussed.
5. Choice B is too simplistic and does not address the complexity of the issue as presented in the paragraph.
6. Choice D is also incorrect as it oversimplifies the issue by associating deforestation solely with progress without considering the negative impacts discussed.
Factory: Care in planning and management is needed if a factory is to run well. Work areas should be large, clean, well lighted and airy. Work should move in a straight line from one machine to another. This allows materials in different stages of production to advance smoothly. As orders increase, some factories hire consultants to redeploy their operation flow and streamline workstations and equipment within the plant. Using a factory management system can double production as well as improve the rate of on-time deliveries. Careful planning and execution can also contribute to harmonious relations between labor and management.
The paragraph suggests that the purpose of a factory layout is for
- A. maintenance of machinery.
- B. safety and profit.
- C. meeting government regulations.
- D. compliance with insurance company requirements.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: safety and profit. The paragraph mentions that a well-planned factory layout includes factors like large work areas, cleanliness, good lighting, and smooth material flow. These aspects contribute to both safety and profit in a factory setting. Safety is enhanced by having well-lit and clean work areas, while efficient material flow and streamlined operations lead to increased productivity and profitability.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. The paragraph does not focus on maintenance of machinery; rather, it emphasizes the overall planning and management of the factory layout.
C: Incorrect. Meeting government regulations is not explicitly mentioned in the paragraph.
D: Incorrect. Compliance with insurance company requirements is not discussed in the paragraph.
Linking San Francisco to Marin County in California, the Golden Gate Bridge is one of the most famous bridges in the world. The bridge crosses over a narrow strait which connects the Pacific Ocean to San Francisco Bay. Prior to the bridge, people traveled by ferry boat across the strait.
Although most people thought a bridge was necessary to expedite travel, some residents of the
bay area felt the risk of building the bridge was too great. Joseph Strauss believed that nothing was impossible, and dreams would never come to fruition if risks weren't taken. So, he decided to gather the best and brightest builders, architects, and workers to embark on the challenge of
building a bridge across the Golden Gate Strait. With safety nets in place, the construction began in 1937. Building the anchorages first, the
builders then move on to the towers on each end, and then to the three-foot thick cables to support the suspension bridge. Lastly, workers labored to complete the roadway which became
the most dangerous and treacherous part of the entire task. The builders had to keep the bridge
balance, so it wouldn't fall into the bay.
Today, over sixty-five years later, the bridge remains a life-line for the people of the San Francisco Bay Area.
What is the author's reason for writing this piece?
- A. Inform the reader
- B. Teach the reader
- C. Persuade the reader
- D. Entertain the reader
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inform the reader. The passage provides historical information about the Golden Gate Bridge, its construction, and significance. The main purpose of the text is to educate and inform readers about the history and importance of the bridge, rather than to persuade, teach a specific lesson, or entertain. The details shared aim to enlighten readers about the background, challenges, and enduring legacy of the Golden Gate Bridge, making it an informative piece.
Nurseries
If you thought nurseries were just for babies, well, think again! Being special kinds of farms, nurseries are used to raise plants in mass quantities. Plants, trees, and shrubs are typically grown in nurseries and then sold to farmers and gardeners to plant in homes, businesses and farms. Most nurseries are found in the more rural parts the country because much land is required to have a viable nursery. If a nursery sells plants to others, it must obtain a special permit from the local city or county, which keeps the competition fair and does not saturate the market with a large number of nurseries selling similar products.
Also on the grounds of nurseries are greenhouses which are made of glass or plastic panes that protect the plants from weather elements that may harm them and cause them not to grow and develop. The glass panels in greenhouses allow for sunlight to enter and moisture to be trapped inside. This creates a tropical environment which allows orchids and poinsettias to grow. It ensures that vegetables and fruits will grow large, which makes them valuable to farmers.
Nurseries are:
- A. Special types of farms.
- B. Places where people go for medical treatment.
- C. Schools for young children.
- D. Stores that sell electronics.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Nurseries are special types of farms where plants, trees, and shrubs are grown in mass quantities to be sold to farmers and gardeners for planting. They require a significant amount of land and often have greenhouses to protect plants from adverse weather conditions, creating optimal growing environments. This distinguishes nurseries as agricultural establishments rather than medical facilities, educational institutions, or retail stores selling electronics.