Nokea
What drug is more advisable for the patient with amebic dysentery?
- A. Metronidazole
- B. Pyrantel
- C. Levamisole
- D. Bicillin-5
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Metronidazole. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for amebic dysentery as it effectively targets the protozoa causing the infection. It has good tissue penetration and high efficacy against Entamoeba histolytica. Pyrantel (B) is used for nematode infections, not amebiasis. Levamisole (C) is an anthelmintic for roundworms and not effective against amoebas. Bicillin-5 (D) is a penicillin antibiotic, which is not indicated for treating amebic dysentery.
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Which bacteria is known for causing the disease tetanus?
- A. Clostridium tetani
- B. Clostridium perfringens
- C. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- D. Bacillus anthracis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why A is correct:
1. Clostridium tetani is known to produce tetanus toxin.
2. The tetanus toxin causes muscle rigidity and spasms characteristic of tetanus.
3. Clostridium perfringens is associated with gas gangrene, not tetanus.
4. Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, not tetanus.
5. Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, not tetanus.
In summary, Clostridium tetani is the correct answer as it is specifically associated with causing tetanus, while the other choices are associated with different diseases.
Which bacterium is known as a common cause of hospital-acquired infections?
- A. Clostridium botulinum
- B. Staphylococcus aureus
- C. Treponema pallidum
- D. Mycobacterium leprae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Staphylococcus aureus. This bacterium is known as a common cause of hospital-acquired infections due to its ability to colonize the skin and mucous membranes of healthcare workers and patients. Staphylococcus aureus can cause various infections, including surgical site infections and bloodstream infections, in healthcare settings.
Rationale:
1. Clostridium botulinum is known for causing foodborne botulism, not hospital-acquired infections.
2. Treponema pallidum causes syphilis, which is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, not hospital settings.
3. Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy, which is not commonly associated with hospital-acquired infections.
In summary, Staphylococcus aureus is the correct answer as it is a common cause of hospital-acquired infections due to its prevalence in healthcare environments, unlike the other choices which are not typically associated with hospital-acquired infections.
The pertussis toxin:
- A. Changes the protein synthesis
- B. Provokes overproduction of mucus in the tracheal cells
- C. Changes the adenylate cyclase-mediated conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP
- D. Provokes release of electrolytes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The pertussis toxin inhibits the adenylate cyclase-mediated conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP, leading to decreased levels of cyclic AMP in the cell. This disrupts important cellular signaling pathways, affecting immune response and causing symptoms of pertussis. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the pertussis toxin does not directly affect protein synthesis, provoke overproduction of mucus in tracheal cells, or provoke release of electrolytes.
Axial filaments consist of
- A. proteins
- B. polyphosphates
- C. volutin granules
- D. carbohydrates
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Axial filaments, also known as endoflagella, are composed of proteins. These proteins form a helical structure that enables certain bacteria, such as spirochetes, to move in a corkscrew-like motion. Proteins are the main structural component of axial filaments due to their flexibility and ability to generate movement. Choice B, polyphosphates, are not typically associated with axial filaments, as they are more involved in energy storage and transfer. Choice C, volutin granules, are storage inclusions of inorganic polyphosphate and are not part of axial filaments. Choice D, carbohydrates, are not the primary component of axial filaments which are protein-based structures responsible for bacterial motility.
Which bacteria are associated with the disease tuberculosis?
- A. Mycobacterium leprae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacterium is specifically associated with causing tuberculosis. Mycobacterium leprae (choice A) is associated with leprosy, not tuberculosis. Streptococcus pneumoniae (choice C) is associated with pneumonia, not tuberculosis. Escherichia coli (choice D) is a common bacterium found in the intestines and is not associated with tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the only bacterium directly linked to the disease, making it the correct choice.