Nokea
What enzyme, or combination of enzymes, protects cells against superoxide generated in oxidation reactions?
- A. G6PD
- B. Catalase
- C. Superoxide dismutase and catalase
- D. Glutathione peroxidase
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Superoxide dismutase converts superoxide to H2O2, which catalase then breaks down to water.
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The tricuspid valve and left atrioventricular valves are names for the same structure.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and ventricle, distinct from the left AV (mitral) valve.
Patient presents from having sudden cardiac death with presumed ischemia mediated VT with high grade CAD. Which is best treatment to improve survival?
- A. He needs CABG as a class I B indication
- B. He requires PCI as class I A indication
- C. Global risk reduction to treat inducible ischemia
- D. Treat by symptoms
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: CABG is a class I B indication in this scenario as it addresses the underlying high-grade CAD causing ischemia-mediated ventricular tachycardia, improving survival post-sudden cardiac death.
Identify the circuit pumps blood from the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart.
- A. systemic circuit
- B. cardiac circuit
- C. pulmonary circuit
- D. vascular circuit
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The pulmonary circuit is responsible for pumping blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and back to the heart.
With regards to CSF and the blood brain barrier, which is NOT true?
- A. The concentration of K+ in CSF is 2.9 mEq/L
- B. The concentration of creatinine is approximately equal to that of plasma
- C. The Kety method utilises inhaled N2O to determine cerebral blood flow
- D. Injection of hypotonic fluids can disrupt the blood brain barrier
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Creatinine concentration in CSF is lower than in plasma due to the blood-brain barrier's selective permeability.
A patient who has chronic heart failure tells the nurse, 'I was fine when I went to bed, but I woke up in the middle of the night feeling like I was suffocating!' The nurse will document this assessment finding as
- A. orthopnea
- B. pulsus alternans
- C. paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
- D. acute bilateral pleural effusion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is caused by the reabsorption of fluid from dependent body areas when the patient is sleeping and is characterized by waking up suddenly with the feeling of suffocation. Pulsus alternans is the alteration of strong and weak peripheral pulses during palpation. Orthopnea indicates that the patient is unable to lie flat because of dyspnea. Pleural effusions develop over a longer time period.