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What is a chronic condition where the bronchial tubes in the lungs become inflamed and narrowed, often caused by smoking?
- A. Chronic bronchitis
- B. Emphysema
- C. Asthma
- D. Tuberculosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes, often caused by smoking. This condition leads to persistent coughing and mucus production. Emphysema (B) is a separate condition where the air sacs in the lungs are damaged, causing shortness of breath. Asthma (C) is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation and bronchospasms, triggered by various factors. Tuberculosis (D) is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, causing symptoms like coughing up blood and weight loss. Chronic bronchitis specifically relates to the inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes due to smoking.
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Which condition is characterized by the sudden onset of shortness of breath, often occurring at night and associated with heart failure?
- A. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
- B. Sleep apnea
- C. Orthopnea
- D. Dyspnea
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. This condition is characterized by sudden onset of shortness of breath at night, often associated with heart failure. It occurs when a person lies down due to fluid redistribution in the body, leading to increased pressure on the lungs and heart. Sleep apnea (B) is a separate condition characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. Orthopnea (C) is difficulty breathing while lying flat, relieved by sitting up. Dyspnea (D) is a general term for shortness of breath but does not specifically refer to the sudden onset at night associated with heart failure.
Which condition is characterized by a chronic cough that produces mucus, often caused by long-term exposure to irritants?
- A. Chronic bronchitis
- B. Tuberculosis
- C. Asthma
- D. Sinusitis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a chronic cough that produces mucus due to long-term exposure to irritants, such as cigarette smoke or air pollution. This condition leads to inflammation and narrowing of the airways, resulting in excessive mucus production. Tuberculosis (B) is a bacterial infection causing symptoms like coughing up blood, while asthma (C) is characterized by wheezing and shortness of breath. Sinusitis (D) involves inflammation of the sinuses, leading to symptoms like facial pain and congestion.
What is a condition where the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle?
- A. Coronary artery disease (CAD)
- B. Atherosclerosis
- C. Stroke
- D. Peripheral artery disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD is the condition where the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. The narrowing or blockage is typically caused by atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque in the arteries. Atherosclerosis is a contributing factor to CAD, but CAD specifically refers to the reduced blood flow in the coronary arteries. Stroke (C) is a condition involving the brain's blood vessels, not the heart. Peripheral artery disease (D) involves narrowing of arteries outside the heart, typically in the legs. Therefore, the most appropriate choice is A as it directly relates to the narrowed or blocked coronary arteries causing reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.
Which test measures how well the lungs work by assessing the amount of air the lungs can hold and how quickly air can be exhaled?
- A. Spirometry
- B. Pulse oximetry
- C. Arterial blood gas (ABG)
- D. Chest X-ray
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Spirometry. Spirometry measures lung function by evaluating lung capacity and airflow. It assesses vital parameters like Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1), providing valuable insights into lung health. Pulse oximetry (B) measures oxygen saturation, not lung function. Arterial blood gas (C) evaluates blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, not lung capacity. Chest X-ray (D) shows lung structure, not lung function. Therefore, Spirometry is the most appropriate test for assessing lung function.
Mr. Ross experiences nausea and vomiting as the result of receiving large-volume irradiation to his thoracic region. Which is the best approach in planning to meet his nutritional needs?
- A. Plan for frequent small meals of palatable foods
- B. Offer Mr. Ross three balanced meals a day
- C. Determine Mr. Ross' caloric needs
- D. Ask the physician to prescribe an oral antiemetic for p.r.n. use
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Frequent small meals can help manage nausea and improve intake compared to large meals.