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What is a common sign of congenital hip dysplasia in infants?
- A. Symmetrical hip movement
- B. Limited range of motion in the hip
- C. Swelling of the knees
- D. Dislocated patella
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Limited range of motion in the hip, often noted as a limitation in abduction, is a common sign of congenital hip dysplasia. This limitation is due to the abnormal development of the hip joint, affecting its movement. Symmetrical hip movement (Choice A) is not a characteristic sign of congenital hip dysplasia. Swelling of the knees (Choice C) is not typically associated with this condition. Dislocated patella (Choice D) refers to a different anatomical structure and is not a common sign of congenital hip dysplasia.
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After surgical repair of a cleft palate, what should be used to prevent injury to the suture line?
- A. Straw
- B. Spoon
- C. Syringe
- D. Cup
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Syringe. Using a syringe helps in feeding without causing injury to the suture line after cleft palate repair because it avoids direct contact with the suture area. Straws and spoons can potentially put pressure on the suture line, leading to injury. Cups may not provide the necessary control to prevent contact with the suture line, unlike a syringe.
How many minerals are known to be essential for human nutrition?
- A. 8
- B. 12
- C. 16
- D. 20
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: There are 16 essential minerals required for human nutrition. These minerals include calcium, potassium, iron, and others. Choice A (8) is incorrect as it underestimates the number of essential minerals. Choice B (12) is also incorrect as it does not encompass the full count of essential minerals. Choice D (20) is incorrect as it overestimates the number of essential minerals.
What is a common symptom of congenital heart disease in infants?
- A. Excessive weight gain
- B. Difficulty breathing
- C. High blood pressure
- D. Increased appetite
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Difficulty breathing is a common symptom of congenital heart disease in infants. Infants with congenital heart disease may experience difficulty breathing due to impaired cardiac function, which affects the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. This symptom is often due to issues like heart failure or fluid accumulation in the lungs. Excessive weight gain (Choice A) is not typically associated with congenital heart disease in infants. High blood pressure (Choice C) is less common in infants with congenital heart disease compared to adults. Increased appetite (Choice D) is not a typical symptom of congenital heart disease in infants.
In what position should infants be placed to sleep to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
- A. Right side-lying
- B. Left side-lying
- C. Prone
- D. Supine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends placing infants on their backs (supine) to sleep to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). This position has been shown to decrease the likelihood of SIDS occurrence. Placing infants on their right or left side (choices A and B) or prone (choice C) can increase the risk of SIDS as it may obstruct the infant's airway or lead to overheating, which are known risk factors for SIDS.
What dietary recommendation should be made to a child with iron-deficiency anemia?
- A. Increase intake of dairy products
- B. Include high-iron foods like spinach and meat
- C. Decrease protein intake
- D. Avoid all grains
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct recommendation for a child with iron-deficiency anemia is to include high-iron foods like spinach, red meat, and beans in their diet. These foods are rich sources of iron and can help address the deficiency. Choice A is incorrect as dairy products do not provide significant iron content. Choice C is incorrect because protein intake does not need to be decreased; in fact, lean meats are good sources of iron. Choice D is also incorrect as whole grains can be a part of a healthy diet and do not need to be avoided in this case.