Nokea
What is a factor that contributes to an increased incidence of urinary tract infections in aging women?
- A. Length of the urethra
- B. Larger capacity of bladder
- C. Relaxation of pelvic floor and bladder muscles
- D. Tight muscular support at the urinary sphincter
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Choice C (Correct Answer):
1. Aging causes relaxation of pelvic floor and bladder muscles.
2. This relaxation can lead to incomplete emptying of the bladder.
3. Residual urine in the bladder can increase the risk of UTIs.
4. Therefore, relaxation of pelvic floor and bladder muscles contributes to increased UTI incidence.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: Length of the urethra - Longer urethra typically reduces UTI risk by providing more distance for bacteria to travel.
B: Larger capacity of bladder - Larger bladder capacity does not directly increase UTI risk.
D: Tight muscular support at the urinary sphincter - Tight support does not directly impact UTI risk; relaxation is the key factor.
You may also like to solve these questions
A 52-year-old patient states that when she sneezes or coughs she wets herself a little. She is very concerned that something may be wrong with her. The nurse suspects that the problem is:
- A. Dysuria.
- B. Stress incontinence.
- C. Hematuria.
- D. Urge incontinence.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Stress incontinence. This is the most likely issue because the patient leaks urine during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as sneezing or coughing. Stress incontinence is due to weakened pelvic floor muscles and sphincter, leading to leakage with exertion. Dysuria (choice A) is painful urination, not related to leakage. Hematuria (choice C) is blood in urine, not related to leakage. Urge incontinence (choice D) involves a sudden, strong urge to urinate and is not triggered by sneezing or coughing.
Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?
- A. Insulin
- B. aldosterone
- C. BNP
- D. ANP
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that regulates sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys. It increases the reabsorption of sodium and water while promoting the excretion of potassium. This helps maintain electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
A: Insulin mainly regulates blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells.
C: BNP (Brain Natriuretic Peptide) is involved in regulating fluid balance and blood pressure but not specifically sodium reabsorption.
D: ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) also plays a role in regulating fluid balance and blood pressure, but it promotes sodium excretion instead of reabsorption.
A 70 year old man has severe urinary hesitancy associated with bPH. He has * tried alpha blockers with little effect. His physician recommends a drug that blocks 5α-reductase in the prostate which is:
- A. Leuprolide
- B. Finasteride
- C. Flutamide
- D. Ketoconazole
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Finasteride. Finasteride inhibits 5-alpha reductase, reducing conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the prostate. This helps shrink the prostate gland, relieving urinary symptoms in BPH. Leuprolide (A) is a GnRH agonist used for prostate cancer. Flutamide (C) is an antiandrogen for prostate cancer. Ketoconazole (D) is an antifungal, not for BPH. Finasteride is the most appropriate choice for this patient based on mechanism of action and indication.
Which of the following drug/(s) that is /are used to treat chronic hepatitis B?
- A. Lamivudine
- B. Human interferon α
- C. Amantadine
- D. (a) and (b) are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because both Lamivudine and Human interferon α are commonly used to treat chronic hepatitis B. Lamivudine is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor that helps inhibit viral replication. Human interferon α is a type of immunomodulatory drug that boosts the immune system to fight the virus. Amantadine (choice C) is not typically used for treating hepatitis B, making it incorrect. Therefore, the combination of Lamivudine and Human interferon α (choice D) is the most appropriate treatment option for chronic hepatitis B.
What nursing action should the nurse perform when fatigue is undergoing a comprehensive assessment caring for a patient undergoing diagnostic testing of the which includes test of renal function relating to renal-urologic system?
- A. Withhold medications until 12 hours post-testing.
- B. Ensure that the patient knows the importance of of what blood value? temporary fluid restriction after testing.
- C. Hematocrit
- D. Inform the patient of his or her medical diagnosis after
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale: Option B is correct because it addresses the importance of temporary fluid restriction after renal function testing, which is crucial in maintaining accurate test results. Ensuring patient understanding and compliance with fluid restriction helps prevent dilution of blood samples, leading to more accurate diagnostic outcomes.
Summary:
A: Withholding medications post-testing is not necessary for fatigue assessment related to renal function testing.
C: Hematocrit is not directly related to the temporary fluid restriction after renal function testing.
D: Informing the patient of their medical diagnosis is not relevant when assessing fatigue during diagnostic testing of renal function.