Nokea
What is a major strength of the longitudinal design?
- A. Examine relationships between early and later behaviors
- B. Collect a large amount of data in a short time span
- C. Explore similarities among children of different cohorts
- D. Study participants differing in age at the same point in time
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A major strength of the longitudinal design is that researchers can examine relationships between early and later behaviors. This design allows researchers to observe and track changes in the same participants over an extended period of time, providing valuable insights into developmental trajectories and how behaviors are connected across different stages of life. Choice B is incorrect because longitudinal studies track changes over time, not necessarily collect a large amount of data in a short time span. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to cross-sectional studies rather than longitudinal studies. Choice D is incorrect as it describes a cross-sectional design where participants of different ages are studied at the same time.
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Theorists who contend that powerful negative events in the first few years cannot be fully overcome by later, more positive ones emphasize __________.
- A. plasticity
- B. stability
- C. nurture
- D. discontinuity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Theorists who emphasize stability argue that powerful negative events early in life cannot be completely overcome by later, more positive experiences. They believe that early experiences have a lasting impact on development and are not easily erased or reversed by subsequent events. This perspective contrasts with the idea of plasticity, which suggests that development can be influenced by experiences at any point in life, and that individuals have the capacity for change and growth throughout the lifespan. 'Nurture' does not directly address the concept of overcoming negative events, while 'discontinuity' refers to developmental stages being separate and distinct, not the idea that negative events early in life persist despite later positive experiences.
Ecological systems theory views the person as __________.
- A. a blossoming flower whose development is a genetically determined series of events that unfold automatically
- B. developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
- C. a social being influenced primarily by observational learning or adult modeling
- D. a computer-like system that actively codes, transforms, and organizes information
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ecological systems theory views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment. This perspective emphasizes the interconnectedness of individuals with their social and physical environment, recognizing that development is influenced by various factors interacting at different levels of the ecological system. Choice A is incorrect because it describes a genetically determined development process, which is not the focus of ecological systems theory. Choice C is incorrect because it highlights observational learning as the primary influence on development, neglecting the broader environmental factors. Choice D is incorrect as it compares the person to a computer system, which does not align with the principles of ecological systems theory.
What is a major disadvantage of cross-sectional research?
- A. Age-related changes cannot be examined.
- B. Participants often drop out before the study is over.
- C. Factors affecting individual development cannot be explored.
- D. Practice effects often cause biased findings.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: One major disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that factors affecting individual development cannot be explored thoroughly. Cross-sectional research involves comparing different groups of people at one specific point in time, and does not allow for tracking individual changes over time. This limitation means that the unique influences and trajectories of individual development may be overlooked in cross-sectional studies. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Choice A is not a major disadvantage of cross-sectional research as age-related changes can still be compared across different groups in this type of study. Choice B, while a potential issue in any study, is not specific to cross-sectional research. Choice D refers to a different type of bias caused by repeated testing rather than a major disadvantage of cross-sectional research.
Lanugo ________.
- A. permits food and oxygen to reach the organism
- B. provides the fetus a cushion against jolts caused by the mother's movements
- C. helps regulate the fetus's body temperature
- D. helps the vernix stick to the skin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Lanugo helps the vernix stick to the skin. Vernix is a waxy substance that covers the fetus's skin during pregnancy. Lanugo is a fine, downy hair that helps to anchor the vernix to the skin, providing protection and nourishment to the developing fetus. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the role of lanugo in prenatal development.
In the eighth month of pregnancy, what typically happens?
- A. fetal growth doubles
- B. neuron production increases
- C. the eyes, ears, nose, jaw, and neck form
- D. lanugo typically is shed
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In the eighth month of pregnancy, lanugo typically is shed. Lanugo is the fine, downy hair that covers a fetus's body to help regulate body temperature while in the womb. By the eighth month, many fetuses shed this hair as they prepare for birth. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because fetal growth doubling, neuron production increasing, and the formation of eyes, ears, nose, jaw, and neck occur in earlier stages of pregnancy, not specifically in the eighth month.