Nokea
What is a primary function of red blood cells?
- A. To fight infection
- B. To carry oxygen
- C. To produce antibodies
- D. To transport waste
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The main function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen from the lungs to all the body's tissues and organs, where it is needed for cellular functions and metabolism. This process is essential for sustaining life and providing energy to cells. Choice A is incorrect because fighting infection is primarily done by white blood cells. Choice C is incorrect because antibody production is mainly carried out by specialized white blood cells. Choice D is incorrect as the primary role of red blood cells is not to transport waste, but rather to transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide.
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Which of the following is not part of the digestive system?
- A. Esophagus
- B. Liver
- C. Stomach
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is 'D: Pancreas.' While the pancreas contributes to digestion by secreting enzymes, it is not part of the main digestive tract. The esophagus, liver, and stomach are integral components of the digestive system. The esophagus helps in the transport of food to the stomach, the stomach aids in food breakdown, the liver produces bile for fat digestion, and the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes. Therefore, the pancreas is the correct answer as it is not part of the primary digestive tract but supports digestion through enzyme secretion.
What is hydroxyapatite?
- A. A mixture of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus that strengthen the collagen matrix of bone.
- B. The structural unit of a bone that runs the length of the bone.
- C. The covering of bones at the point of articulation to prevent grinding.
- D. The lightest portion of a long bone and concentrated at the ends.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hydroxyapatite is a mineral compound composed of calcium and phosphorus that plays a crucial role in strengthening the collagen matrix of bones, contributing to their structural integrity and hardness. It is a key component of bone tissue and provides the mineralization necessary for bone strength and density. Choice B is incorrect because the structural unit of a bone is the osteon or Haversian system, not hydroxyapatite. Choice C is incorrect as it describes cartilage, not hydroxyapatite. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to the epiphysis, which is not synonymous with hydroxyapatite.
Which of the following describes the term allele?
- A. A specific form of a gene that can exist at a particular locus
- B. An inheritable variation of a gene
- C. A grouping of various genes
- D. Variations of complementary base pairs
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Alleles are different forms of a gene that can exist at a specific locus. They represent variations of a gene and are inheritable. Choice A is incorrect as it does not fully capture the concept of an allele, which is a specific form of a gene rather than a substitution. Choice C is incorrect as alleles are not a grouping of various genes but rather different forms of a single gene at a specific locus. Choice D is also incorrect as it does not accurately describe alleles; alleles are variations of genes, not base pairs.
What are the small, finger-like projections in the small intestines called?
- A. Cilia
- B. Rugae
- C. Trachea
- D. Villi
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Villi. Villi are small, finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption, aiding in the absorption of nutrients. Cilia (Choice A) are tiny hair-like structures found in various parts of the body but are not present in the small intestine. Rugae (Choice B) are folds in the mucosa of the stomach that allow for its expansion during digestion. The trachea (Choice C) is part of the respiratory system, responsible for carrying air to and from the lungs, and is not related to the small intestine.
Which structure in the heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body?
- A. Right ventricle
- B. Left ventricle
- C. Left atrium
- D. Right atrium
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The left ventricle is the chamber responsible for pumping oxygenated blood from the heart to the body. It receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and contracts to push this blood out to the rest of the body through the aorta. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation, making choices A, C, and D incorrect for this function. Therefore, the correct answer is B, the Left ventricle.