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What is amniocentesis used to detect?
- A. Sexually transmitted diseases
- B. Presence of certain genetic disorders
- C. Causes of infertility
- D. Presence of pneumonia germs
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Amniocentesis is a prenatal test used to detect certain genetic disorders in a developing fetus. It involves collecting a small sample of the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus and analyzing the genetic material present in the cells. This test is not used to detect sexually transmitted diseases, causes of infertility, or the presence of pneumonia germs. Therefore, the correct answer is B.
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Which of the following are types of induced abortions?
- A. Therapeutic abortion
- B. Missed abortion
- C. Inevitable abortion
- D. Threatened abortion
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, therapeutic abortion, which is a type of induced abortion performed for medical reasons. Missed abortion, inevitable abortion, and threatened abortion are types of spontaneous abortions, not induced abortions. Missed abortion refers to a non-viable pregnancy, inevitable abortion is a miscarriage that cannot be stopped, and threatened abortion is when there is bleeding during pregnancy without cervical dilation.
At 34-40 weeks of pregnancy, the breast changes include:
- A. Nipples become prominent and mobile.
- B. Colostrum can be expressed.
- C. Breasts become tender.
- D. Montgomery's tubercles are prominent.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: During the 34-40 weeks of pregnancy, Montgomery's tubercles become prominent. These are sebaceous glands on the areola, not the nipples. Choice A is incorrect as it describes the changes in nipples, not Montgomery's tubercles. Choice B is incorrect as colostrum production usually starts around the 16th week. Choice C is incorrect as breast tenderness is more common in early pregnancy due to hormonal changes.
Discuss the anatomical/physiological changes in pregnancy under the following: Cardiovascular system
- A. The heart is displaced upward and to the left by the enlarging uterus, cardiac capacity increases, and blood pressure declines slightly.
- B. The heart is displaced downward and to the right, and blood pressure increases.
- C. The cardiovascular system remains unchanged during pregnancy.
- D. Cardiovascular changes include increased peripheral resistance and reduced cardiac output.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: During pregnancy, the cardiovascular system undergoes changes such as the heart being displaced upward and to the left by the enlarging uterus, increased cardiac capacity, and a slight decline in blood pressure. Choice B is incorrect as the heart is displaced upwards, not downwards, and blood pressure typically decreases slightly. Choice C is incorrect as the cardiovascular system does undergo changes during pregnancy. Choice D is incorrect as cardiovascular changes in pregnancy involve increased cardiac output rather than reduced output.
To ensure the provision of appropriate services for overcoming infertility barriers to the achievement of reproductive intentions, Integrated Reproductive Health has incorporated a component of:
- A. Infertility
- B. Safe abortions
- C. STIs and HIV
- D. Family Planning
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Infertility. Integrated Reproductive Health incorporates a component focused on infertility to address barriers to achieving reproductive intentions. This inclusion is crucial as infertility can be a significant obstacle to reproductive health. Choice B, safe abortions, is incorrect as it is not directly related to overcoming infertility barriers. Choice C, STIs and HIV, while important for reproductive health, is not specifically addressing infertility. Choice D, family planning, although relevant for reproductive health, is not the primary focus when addressing infertility barriers.
Which of the following are layers of endometrium in pregnancy EXCEPT?
- A. Decidua compacta
- B. Decidua spongiosum
- C. Decidua functionalis
- D. Decidua basalis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During pregnancy, the layers of endometrium include decidua compacta, decidua spongiosum, and decidua basalis. Decidua functionalis is the layer that sheds during menstruation and regenerates each cycle, not a layer of the endometrium during pregnancy. Therefore, choice C is the correct answer. Decidua compacta is the layer closest to the conceptus, decidua spongiosum is the middle layer, and decidua basalis is the layer adjacent to the myometrium.