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What is an episiotomy?
- A. A surgical incision of the perineum to prevent tearing during delivery.
- B. Releasing the red plug from the cervix just before crowning occurs.
- C. An incision in the abdomen with which the baby can be delivered through.
- D. The severance of the umbilical cord between mother and child.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An episiotomy is a surgical incision of the perineum to prevent tearing during delivery. This procedure is performed to widen the vaginal opening and facilitate childbirth. Choice B is incorrect as it describes the expulsion of the mucus plug, not an episiotomy. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to a different procedure, a cesarean section, where the baby is delivered through an incision in the abdomen. Choice D is incorrect as it pertains to cutting the umbilical cord, which is not related to an episiotomy.
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Which of the following healthcare providers can legally have access to all, or part, of a patient's medical record because they have a 'need to know'? Select one that does not apply.
- A. Student nurses caring for a particular patient
- B. Registered nurses when they are not caring for a particular patient
- C. The Vice President for nursing who is investigating a patient fall
- D. Licensed practical nurses caring for a particular patient
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Student nurses, licensed practical nurses, the Vice President for nursing investigating a fall, and quality assurance nurses have a 'need to know' basis to access patient records. Registered nurses who are not directly involved in the care of a patient do not have a legitimate reason or 'need to know' to access that patient's medical records, making choice B the correct answer. The Vice President for nursing investigating a specific incident and licensed practical nurses directly involved in a patient's care have legitimate reasons to access the medical records, ensuring continuity and quality of care.
What is the significance of patient advocacy in nursing?
- A. Prioritizing the needs of the healthcare team over the patient
- B. Ensuring that patients' rights and preferences are respected
- C. Limiting patient autonomy
- D. Focusing solely on clinical procedures
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Patient advocacy in nursing entails ensuring that patients' rights and preferences are respected. This involves advocating for the patients' best interests, supporting informed decision-making, and safeguarding their autonomy. Choice A is incorrect because patient advocacy focuses on the patient's needs, not the healthcare team's. Choice C is incorrect as patient advocacy aims to empower patients and enhance their autonomy rather than limiting it. Choice D is incorrect since patient advocacy goes beyond clinical procedures to encompass holistic care that addresses the patients' preferences and rights.
Select a myth or falsehood relating to pain, pain management, and addiction.
- A. Addiction can be accurately predicted.
- B. Withdrawal, drug tolerance, and physical dependence do not indicate addiction.
- C. Pain medications should be avoided in patients with a substance abuse history.
- D. Addiction is signaled by deception and stockpiling by the client.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because addiction cannot be accurately predicted. Choices B and C are incorrect. Withdrawal, drug tolerance, and physical dependence are not definitive signs of addiction, and pain medications can be used with patients who have a substance abuse history under careful monitoring. Choice D is incorrect because addiction is not solely signaled by deception and stockpiling; it is a complex condition with various behavioral, physical, and psychological aspects.
Which of the following is the best argument for lower patient-to-nurse ratio?
- A. The more patients a nurse has, the better the nurse will be at catching early warning signs.
- B. Greater patient-to-nurse ratios decrease patient mortality.
- C. Adequate nurse levels do not impact the prevalence of urinary tract infections.
- D. Community nursing ratios do not impact Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) rates.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best argument for lower patient-to-nurse ratios is that they decrease patient mortality. Choice A is incorrect because having more patients can lead to increased workload and decreased attention per patient. Choice C is incorrect as adequate nurse levels can indeed impact the prevalence of infections. Choice D is incorrect as community nursing ratios can impact MRSA rates due to potential transmission risks in healthcare settings.
What are some of the earliest signs and symptoms of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy?
- A. Clumsiness, difficulty running, climbing, and riding a bicycle
- B. Pain and inflammation in the bones
- C. Deformity of the foot
- D. Infection in the joint leading to arthritis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Clumsiness, difficulty running, climbing, and riding a bicycle are some of the earliest signs and symptoms of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not represent the typical early signs and symptoms of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Pain and inflammation in the bones (choice B) are more indicative of conditions like osteomyelitis; deformity of the foot (choice C) is characteristic of talipes or clubfoot; and infection in the joint leading to arthritis (choice D) is more aligned with septic joint or supportive arthritis.