Nokea
What is most descriptive of atopic dermatitis (AD) (eczema) in an infant?
- A. Easily cured
- B. Worse in humid climates
- C. Associated with hereditary allergies
- D. Related to upper respiratory tract infections
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: AD is a type of pruritic eczema that usually begins during infancy and is associated with allergy with a hereditary tendency. Approximately 50% of children with AD develop asthma. AD can be controlled but not cured. Manifestations of the disease are worse when environmental humidity is lower. AD is not associated with respiratory tract infections.
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Which statement best describes colic?
- A. Periods of abdominal pain resulting in weight loss
- B. Usually the result of poor or inadequate mothering
- C. Periods of abdominal pain and crying occurring in infants older than age 6 months
- D. A paroxysmal abdominal pain or cramping manifested by episodes of loud crying
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Colic is described as paroxysmal abdominal pain or cramping that is manifested by loud crying and drawing up the legs to the abdomen. Weight loss is not part of the clinical picture. There are many theories about the cause of colic. Emotional stress or tension between the parent and child is one component. This is not consistent throughout all cases. Colic is most common in infants younger than 3 months of age.
What may a clinical manifestation of failure to thrive (FTT) in a 13-month-old include?
- A. Irregularity in activities of daily living
- B. Preferring solid food to milk or formula
- C. Weight that is at or below the 10th percentile
- D. Appropriate achievement of developmental landmarks
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: One of the clinical manifestations of children with FTT is irregularity or low rhythmicity in activities of daily living. Children with FTT often refuse to switch from liquids to solid foods. Weight below the fifth percentile is indicative of FTT. Developmental delays, including social, motor, adaptive, and language, exist.
Which term refers to the relative lactase deficiency observed in preterm infants of less than 34 weeks of gestation?
- A. Congenital lactase deficiency
- B. Primary lactase deficiency
- C. Secondary lactase deficiency
- D. Developmental lactase deficiency
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Developmental lactase deficiency refers to the relative lactase deficiency observed in preterm infants of less than 34 weeks of gestation. Congenital lactase deficiency occurs soon after birth after the newborn has consumed lactose-containing milk. Primary lactase deficiency, sometimes referred to as late-onset lactase deficiency, is the most common type of lactose intolerance and is manifested usually after 4 or 5 years of age. Secondary lactase deficiency may occur secondary to damage of the intestinal lumen, which decreases or destroys the enzyme lactase.
A 1-year-old child is on a pure vegetarian (vegan) diet. This diet requires supplementation with what?
- A. Niacin
- B. Folic acid
- C. Vitamins D and B12
- D. Vitamins C and E
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pure vegetarian (vegan) diets eliminate any food of animal origin, including milk and eggs. These diets require supplementation with many vitamins, especially vitamin B6, vitamin B12, riboflavin, vitamin D, iron, and zinc. Niacin, folic acid, and vitamins C and E are readily obtainable from foods of vegetable origin.
The nurse is examining an infant, age 10 months, who was brought to the clinic for persistent diaper rash. The nurse finds perianal inflammation with satellite lesions. What is the most likely cause?
- A. Impetigo
- B. Urine and feces
- C. Candida albicans infection
- D. Infrequent diapering
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: C. albicans infection produces perianal inflammation and a maculopapular rash with satellite lesions that may cross the inguinal folds. Impetigo is a bacterial infection that spreads peripherally in sharply marginated, irregular outlines. Eruptions involving the skin in contact with the diaper but sparing the folds are likely to be caused by chemical irritation, especially urine and feces, and may be related to infrequent diapering.