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What is object-relations theory?
- A. It is the theory that focuses on observable behaviors only.
- B. It is a newer psychodynamic theory focusing on how individuals interact with others and their internalized relationships.
- C. It is the theory that emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes in shaping behavior.
- D. It is a cognitive-behavioral theory focused on changing maladaptive thought patterns.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Object-relations theory is a psychodynamic theory that focuses on how individuals interact with others and their internalized relationships. Choice A is incorrect because object-relations theory goes beyond observable behaviors to explore internalized relationships. Choice C is incorrect because object-relations theory does not primarily emphasize cognitive processes. Choice D is incorrect because object-relations theory is not a cognitive-behavioral theory focused on changing thought patterns.
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Which psychosexual stage focuses on castration anxiety?
- A. Genital
- B. Oral
- C. Anal
- D. Phallic
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Castration anxiety is a concept from Freudian psychoanalytic theory that occurs during the Phallic stage. This stage occurs between 3 to 6 years of age and is when children experience conflicts related to the Oedipus complex (boys) and Electra complex (girls). During this stage, children may fear castration (in boys) or penis envy (in girls), which are crucial components of castration anxiety. Therefore, the correct answer is Phallic. The other options (A: Genital, B: Oral, C: Anal) are incorrect as they do not specifically involve castration anxiety but rather represent different stages in Freud's psychosexual development theory.
What role does culture play in understanding abnormal behavior?
- A. Culture plays a minimal role in understanding abnormal behavior.
- B. Culture is essential in shaping our perceptions and definitions of abnormal behavior.
- C. Culture has little impact on the expression of abnormal behavior.
- D. Culture only affects the treatment of abnormal behavior, not its understanding.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Culture is essential in shaping our perceptions and definitions of abnormal behavior. Choice A is incorrect because culture actually plays a significant role in understanding abnormal behavior. Choice C is incorrect as culture can have a considerable impact on how abnormal behavior is expressed. Choice D is incorrect because culture influences not only the treatment but also the understanding of abnormal behavior.
Distinguish between assimilation and accommodation.
- A. Assimilation refers to adjusting our mental frameworks to incorporate new information.
- B. Assimilation is when new experiences are interpreted in terms of existing schemas.
- C. Assimilation is adapting our behaviors to match societal norms.
- D. Assimilation and accommodation are unrelated to cognitive development.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Assimilation is when new experiences are interpreted in terms of existing schemas, meaning individuals try to fit new information into their pre-existing understanding of the world. Accommodation, on the other hand, involves adjusting our schemas to fit new information, which means changing our existing mental frameworks when new information doesn't fit. Choice A is incorrect because it describes accommodation rather than assimilation. Choice C is incorrect as it confuses assimilation with social adaptation. Choice D is incorrect as assimilation and accommodation are fundamental processes in cognitive development, as described by Piaget.
A predisposition toward developing a disorder is termed a __________ .
- A. Diathesis
- B. Risk factor
- C. Sufficient cause
- D. Diathesis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A predisposition toward developing a disorder is termed a diathesis. In this context, diathesis refers to an individual's susceptibility or predisposition to developing a disorder. A diathesis is not the same as a risk factor or a sufficient cause. A risk factor is a variable that increases the likelihood of developing a disorder but is not a predisposition itself. A sufficient cause is a factor that can produce the disorder on its own, not just a predisposition.
What is the biopsychosocial model?
- A. A model that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding mental disorders.
- B. A model that emphasizes the interaction between biological and psychological factors, excluding social influences.
- C. The biopsychosocial model emphasizes only psychological factors in mental disorders.
- D. The biopsychosocial model is a purely biological approach to mental health.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The biopsychosocial model is a comprehensive approach that considers biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding mental disorders. Choice A is correct because it accurately describes how this model integrates these three factors. Choice B is incorrect as it excludes social influences from the model. Choice C is incorrect because it states that the model only emphasizes psychological factors, which is not true. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests that the model is purely biological, which is also inaccurate.