Nokea
What is the difference between exhalation (expiration) and inhalation (inspiration)?
- A. Exhalation involves active muscle contraction, while inhalation is passive.
- B. Inhalation brings in oxygen-rich air, while exhalation releases carbon dioxide-rich air.
- C. Exhalation occurs through the nose only, while inhalation can occur through the nose or mouth.
- D. Inhalation warms and humidifies air, while exhalation cools and dries air.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Exhalation (expiration) involves active muscle contraction, specifically the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, to decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity and push air out of the lungs. In contrast, inhalation (inspiration) is a passive process where the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract to increase the thoracic cavity volume, allowing air to flow into the lungs. Choice B is incorrect as exhalation removes carbon dioxide-rich air and inhalation brings in oxygen-rich air. Choice C is incorrect because both exhalation and inhalation can occur through the nose or mouth. Choice D is inaccurate as inhalation humidifies and warms the air, while exhalation cools and dries it.
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Which vitamin is essential for calcium absorption and bone health?
- A. Vitamin A
- B. Vitamin C
- C. Vitamin D
- D. Vitamin E
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption in the intestines, which is crucial for maintaining strong and healthy bones. Without adequate vitamin D, the body cannot effectively absorb calcium, leading to weakened bones and an increased risk of fractures. Vitamin A (Choice A) is important for vision and immune function but is not directly involved in calcium absorption or bone health. Vitamin C (Choice B) is essential for collagen synthesis and immune function, but it does not play a direct role in calcium absorption or bone health. Vitamin E (Choice D) acts as an antioxidant and helps protect cells from damage, but it is not specifically required for calcium absorption or bone health. Therefore, the correct answer is Vitamin D as it is crucial for optimal bone health.
Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the inner lining of the stomach?
- A. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- B. Diverticulitis
- C. Ulcerative colitis
- D. Gastritis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Gastritis is the correct answer as it is characterized by inflammation of the inner lining of the stomach. This inflammation can be caused by various factors such as excessive alcohol consumption, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), infections, or autoimmune diseases. Symptoms of gastritis may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is incorrect because it involves the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus, leading to symptoms like heartburn and regurgitation, not inflammation of the stomach lining. Diverticulitis refers to inflammation or infection of small pouches that can form in the walls of the colon, not the stomach. Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by inflammation and ulcers in the colon and rectum, not the stomach lining.
What is the main function of dietary fiber in the digestive system?
- A. To provide energy
- B. To break down fats
- C. To promote gut bacteria growth
- D. To aid in absorption of nutrients
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Dietary fiber refers to the indigestible portion of plant foods that passes relatively intact through the digestive system. While fiber does not directly provide energy to the body, it plays a crucial role in promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. These bacteria help in the fermentation of fiber, producing short-chain fatty acids that can be used as an energy source by the body. Additionally, fiber aids in regulating bowel movements, maintaining gut health, and supporting overall digestive function. The functions described in the incorrect choices do not align with the primary role of dietary fiber in the digestive system. Choice A is incorrect because fiber itself is not a direct energy source. Choice B is incorrect as fiber does not break down fats. Choice D is incorrect because while fiber affects nutrient absorption indirectly by supporting gut health, its primary role is not to aid in the absorption of nutrients.
What is the function of the stratified cuboidal epithelium lining the salivary glands?
- A. Protection
- B. Gas exchange
- C. Secretion
- D. Absorption
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Secretion. The stratified cuboidal epithelium lining the salivary glands is responsible for secretion. This type of epithelium, made of multiple layers of cube-shaped cells, is specialized for secretion and protection. In the salivary glands, these cells secrete saliva to aid in the digestion process. Choice A, Protection, is incorrect because while the epithelium does provide some level of protection, its primary function in the salivary glands is secretion. Choice B, Gas exchange, is incorrect as the salivary glands are not involved in gas exchange processes. Choice D, Absorption, is also incorrect as the main role of this epithelium in the salivary glands is not absorption but rather secretion of saliva.
What causes stretch marks?
- A. The epidermis layer becomes inflamed
- B. The dermis layer becomes inflamed
- C. The dermis layer tears due to rapid stretching
- D. Sebaceous glands become clogged
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Stretch marks occur when the dermis layer tears due to rapid stretching of the skin. This tearing leads to the appearance of stretch marks, which are often red or purple at first and then fade to a silvery-white color over time. Inflammation of the dermis or clogging of sebaceous glands are not directly related to the formation of stretch marks. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not describe the actual cause of stretch marks.