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What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
- A. Mitosis produces haploid cells, while meiosis produces diploid cells
- B. Mitosis involves crossing over, while meiosis does not.
- C. Mitosis results in four daughter cells, while meiosis results in two
- D. Mitosis is responsible for sexual reproduction, while meiosis is responsible for asexual reproduction.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: - Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Therefore, mitosis results in two daughter cells.
- Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This reduction in chromosome number is essential for sexual reproduction.
- Option A is incorrect because mitosis produces diploid cells (cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell), while meiosis produces haploid cells (cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell).
- Option B is incorrect because crossing over, the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, occurs during meiosis and not during mitosis.
- Option D is incorrect because mitosis is not responsible for sexual reproduction; it is a process of asexual reproduction and
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Which term in physics describes the resistance of an object to changes in its motion?
- A. Inertia
- B. Momentum
- C. Gravity
- D. Kinetic energy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Inertia is the term that describes the resistance of an object to changes in its motion. This property is explained by Newton's First Law of Motion, which states that objects tend to maintain their state of motion unless acted upon by an external force. Inertia is closely related to mass, where objects with more mass exhibit more resistance to changes in motion. Momentum (B) is the product of an object's mass and velocity, gravity (C) is the force of attraction between objects, and kinetic energy (D) is the energy associated with an object's motion. Therefore, the correct answer is A because inertia specifically addresses the resistance of an object to changes in its motion.
Which term best describes the gradual change in a species over time in response to environmental pressures?
- A. Punctuated equilibrium (rapid bursts of evolution)
- B. Gradualism (slow and continuous change)
- C. Founder effect (genetic drift in a small population)
- D. Adaptive radiation (rapid diversification of a species)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A) Punctuated equilibrium refers to rapid bursts of evolution followed by long periods of stability, rather than gradual change over time in response to environmental pressures. B) Gradualism is the process by which species evolve through slow and continuous changes over time in response to environmental pressures. This gradual change can lead to the development of new traits and adaptations. C) Founder effect is a type of genetic drift that occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population, leading to a loss of genetic variation compared to the original population. It does not specifically describe the gradual change in a species over time. D) Adaptive radiation is the rapid diversification of a species into a variety of forms to exploit different ecological niches, but it does not specifically refer to the gradual change in response to environmental pressures. Therefore, the term that best describes the gradual change in a species over time in response to environmental pressures is 'Gradualism.'
How can a concave mirror be used?
- A. Focus light to a single point
- B. Create only virtual images
- C. Always magnify objects
- D. Scatter light
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A concave mirror can be used to focus light to a single point. This property is known as converging light rays to a focal point. When light rays parallel to the principal axis strike a concave mirror, they converge at a specific point called the focal point. This ability to focus light makes concave mirrors useful in applications such as reflecting telescopes and shaving mirrors. Choice B is incorrect because concave mirrors can create both real and virtual images, depending on the object's position relative to the mirror. Choice C is incorrect as concave mirrors can magnify, reduce, or maintain the size of objects, depending on the object's position and the distance from the mirror. Choice D is incorrect as concave mirrors do not scatter light but instead have the ability to reflect and focus light to produce clear images.
Antigen-antibody binding is the principle behind:
- A. Vaccination
- B. Disinfection
- C. Sterilization
- D. Antibiotic resistance
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Antigen-antibody binding is the principle behind vaccination. When a vaccine containing antigens (weakened or killed pathogens) is introduced into the body, the immune system produces antibodies that bind to these antigens. This binding triggers an immune response, leading to the production of memory cells that provide immunity against future infections by the same pathogen. Vaccination helps the body develop immunity without causing the disease itself, thereby protecting individuals from infectious diseases. Disinfection and sterilization involve different processes to eliminate or reduce pathogens on surfaces or objects. Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon where bacteria evolve to resist the effects of antibiotics and is not directly related to antigen-antibody binding.
Which organelle is responsible for the final stages of protein modification and packaging for secretion in animal cells?
- A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
- B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
- C. Ribosomes
- D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the final stages of protein modification and packaging for secretion in animal cells. After proteins are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), they are transported to the Golgi apparatus for further processing, sorting, and packaging before being sent to their final destination within or outside the cell. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is mainly involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification processes, not protein modification. Ribosomes are the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis, not the final stages of protein modification and packaging for secretion, which is the role of the Golgi apparatus.