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What is the difference between respiration and ventilation?
- A. Ventilation is the process of gas exchange.
- B. Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the respiratory tract.
- C. Ventilation is the process of getting oxygen to the cells.
- D. Ventilation is the exchange of gases in the lung.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ventilation is the actual movement of air in and out of the respiratory tract. Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and CO2 between atmospheric air and the blood and between the blood and the cells.
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The nurse is caring for clients on the neurological unit. Which triad of neurological mechanisms does the nurse identify as most responsible when there is abnormality in ventilation control?
- A. Medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and heart rate
- B. Pons, cerebellum, and oxygen receptors
- C. Medulla oblongata, mitral valve, and central receptors
- D. Aortic arch, pons, and CO2 receptor sites
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Several mechanisms control ventilation. The respiratory center in the medulla oblongata and pons control rate and depth of respirations. The central chemoreceptors in the medulla and peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic arch also provide a mechanism for detecting abnormalities and signal changes to alter the pH and levels of oxygen in the blood. The other options have an incorrect piece of the triad.
The nurse is in the radiology unit of the hospital. The nurse is caring for a client who is scheduled for a lung scan. The nurse knows that lung scans need the use of radioisotopes and a scanning machine. Before the perfusion scan, what must the client be assessed for?
- A. Bleeding
- B. Iodine allergy
- C. Dysrhythmias
- D. Inflammation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During lung scans, a radioactive contrast medium is administered intravenously for the perfusion scan. Before the perfusion scan, nurses must assess the client to check for allergies to iodine. Laryngoscopy determines inflammation. Dysrhythmias and bleeding are possible complications of mediastinoscopy.
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
- A. It relaxes and raises.
- B. It contracts and flattens.
- C. It relaxes and flattens.
- D. It contracts and raises.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, which expands the thoracic cage and increases the thoracic cavity.
A nurse is performing a physical assessment on a client who has a history of a respiratory infection. Which documentation, completed by the nurse, indicates improvement in an area of the lung affected by the infection?
- A. Lung fields documented as clear.
- B. Palpable vibrations over the chest wall when the client speaks.
- C. Decreased fremitus when the client feels the vibration in their chest.
- D. Dull sounds percussed over the lung tissue.
- E. Bronchial sounds heard only in the affected area.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: To determine if the client's respiratory infection has resolved, the nurse should assess the client's normal respiratory status. Lungs will return to clear breath sounds. Palpable vibrations will be felt ,as they may be normal if there is no infection in the lungs. A client with consolidation of a lobe of the lung from pneumonia has increased tactile fremitus over that lobe. A decreased fremitus would indicate resolution of infection. Bronchial sounds will be noted over the upper lung fields. An increased fremitus is noted as the client speaks '99.' Dull percussed sounds indicate an area of consolidation or infection.
Perfusion refers to blood supply to the lungs, through which the lungs receive nutrients and oxygen. What are the two methods of perfusion?
- A. The two methods of perfusion are the bronchial and alveolar circulation.
- B. The two methods of perfusion are the bronchial and capillary circulation.
- C. The two methods of perfusion are the bronchial and pulmonary circulation.
- D. The two methods of perfusion are the alveolar and pulmonary circulation.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The two methods of perfusion are the bronchial and pulmonary circulation. There is no alveolar circulation. Capillaries are the vessels that perform the perfusion regardless of which area of the lung they are in.