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What is the function of the rib cage in the human body?
- A. To protect the digestive organs
- B. To protect the lungs and heart
- C. To support movement
- D. To regulate body temperature
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The rib cage plays a crucial role in protecting vital organs, specifically the lungs and heart, from external injuries. Choice A is incorrect because the rib cage does not primarily protect the digestive organs. Choice C is incorrect as the primary function of the rib cage is not to support movement, but to protect internal organs. Choice D is incorrect as regulating body temperature is not a function typically associated with the rib cage.
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What are stem cells that can develop into many different cell types, but not a complete organism, known as?
- A. Totipotent stem cells
- B. Multipotent stem cells
- C. Pluripotent stem cells
- D. Hematopoietic stem cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pluripotent stem cells are capable of developing into many different cell types, but they cannot form a complete organism. Totipotent stem cells have the ability to give rise to all cell types in an organism, including extraembryonic tissues, enabling them to form a complete organism. Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into a limited range of cell types. Hematopoietic stem cells specifically give rise to blood cells.
Which of the following is an example of a flat bone?
- A. Femur
- B. Scapula
- C. Humerus
- D. Tibia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, the Scapula. Flat bones, such as the scapula, are thin, flattened bones that provide protection to internal organs and serve as attachment points for muscles. The other choices, femur, humerus, and tibia, are examples of long bones, which are characterized by their elongated structure and are primarily involved in supporting weight and facilitating movement.
Which of the following structures is responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?
- A. Bronchi
- B. Alveoli
- C. Trachea
- D. Diaphragm
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into the blood vessels surrounding the alveoli, while carbon dioxide from the blood is released into the alveoli to be exhaled. The bronchi are air passages that carry air into the lungs but do not participate in gas exchange. The trachea is the windpipe that connects the larynx to the bronchi and serves as an airway for breathing. The diaphragm is a muscle that aids in the breathing process by contracting and relaxing to change the volume of the chest cavity.
What term refers to the mechanical act of breathing?
- A. Diffusion
- B. Perfusion
- C. Respiration
- D. Ventilation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Ventilation is the correct answer as it specifically refers to the mechanical process of breathing air in and out of the lungs. Diffusion (choice A) is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration, not related to the mechanical act of breathing. Perfusion (choice B) is the process of blood flow through the tissues and organs, not directly related to breathing mechanically. Respiration (choice C) involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level, different from the mechanical act of breathing.
Which type of joint connects the bones of the skull?
- A. Synovial
- B. Fibrous
- C. Cartilaginous
- D. Ball-and-socket
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Fibrous joints connect the bones of the skull. These joints are immovable or provide very limited movement, providing stability and protection to the brain. Synovial joints (Choice A) are found in the limbs and allow for a wide range of movements. Cartilaginous joints (Choice C) are connected by cartilage and allow limited movement. Ball-and-socket joints (Choice D) allow for a wide range of motion, such as the hip and shoulder joints, but they do not connect the bones of the skull.