Nokea
What is the independent variable in this experiment?
- A. Time
- B. Dog weight
- C. Dog species
- D. Dog food type
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The independent variable is the factor that is manipulated by the researcher to observe its effects on the dependent variable. In this experiment, the researcher is likely changing the type of dog food, and this manipulation is what impacts the outcome being measured. Therefore, 'Dog food type' is the independent variable. Choices A, B, and C do not represent the variable being intentionally changed by the researcher, making them dependent variables or other factors not directly controlled or manipulated in this experiment.
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Which part of the brain regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst?
- A. Cerebellum
- B. Hypothalamus
- C. Thalamus
- D. Medulla oblongata
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is the Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is a crucial part of the brain that regulates various essential functions to maintain homeostasis. It controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, and plays a key role in the autonomic nervous system. The cerebellum is primarily involved in coordinating movement and balance, the thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information, and the medulla oblongata is responsible for vital functions like breathing and heart rate. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not govern the specific functions mentioned in the question.
Which hormone is released by the pituitary gland?
- A. Estrogen
- B. Luteinizing Hormone
- C. Progesterone
- D. Testosterone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Luteinizing Hormone. The pituitary gland releases luteinizing hormone, which plays a crucial role in reproductive functions by stimulating ovulation in females and testosterone production in males. Choice A, Estrogen, is incorrect as estrogen is mainly produced by the ovaries. Choice C, Progesterone, is incorrect as progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum in the ovaries and the placenta during pregnancy. Choice D, Testosterone, is incorrect as testosterone is produced primarily in the testes in males and in smaller amounts in the ovaries and adrenal glands in females.
What is the primary mode of CO2 transport in the body?
- A. Bicarbonate
- B. Carbamino compounds
- C. None of these
- D. Plasma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bicarbonate. In the body, the primary mode of CO2 transport is as bicarbonate. Carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate in red blood cells as part of the bicarbonate buffer system, which helps maintain the pH balance in the blood. Bicarbonate is then transported in the plasma to the lungs where it is converted back to carbon dioxide for exhalation. While carbamino compounds also play a role in CO2 transport by binding to amino groups on proteins, bicarbonate is the main mode of transport for carbon dioxide in the body. Options B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the primary mechanism of CO2 transport in the body.
Which of the following correctly orders the layers of the epidermis from most superficial to deepest?
- A. S. spinosum, S. basale, S. corneum, S. granulosum, S. lucidum
- B. S. corneum, S. lucidum, S. granulosum, S. spinosum, S. basale
- C. S. corneum, S. spinosum, S. basale, S. granulosum, S. lucidum
- D. S. basale, S. spinosum, S. granulosum, S. lucidum, S. corneum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct order of the layers of the epidermis from most superficial to deepest is: Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale. Choice B, 'S. corneum, S. lucidum, S. granulosum, S. spinosum, S. basale,' provides the accurate layering from the outermost to the innermost layer of the epidermis. Choice A is incorrect as it starts with Stratum spinosum, which is not the most superficial layer. Choice C is incorrect as it places Stratum spinosum before Stratum basale. Choice D is incorrect as it starts with Stratum basale, which is the deepest layer of the epidermis.
Which of the following structures helps filter pathogens from the blood?
- A. Lymph nodes
- B. Kidneys
- C. Spleen
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The spleen is the correct answer. The spleen is a vital organ in the immune system responsible for filtering pathogens from the blood. It contains specialized immune cells that aid in recognizing and eliminating harmful substances. Additionally, the spleen plays a role in recycling old red blood cells. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Lymph nodes primarily filter lymph fluid, not blood. Kidneys are involved in filtering waste and regulating fluid balance, not specifically filtering pathogens from the blood. The pancreas functions in hormone regulation and digestion, unrelated to filtering pathogens from the blood.