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What is the main purpose of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)?
- A. To provide guidelines for nutrient intakes that meet the needs of most healthy people.
- B. To specify the minimum amount of nutrients required for survival.
- C. To establish maximum safe levels of nutrient intakes.
- D. To recommend specific nutrient intake levels to prevent chronic diseases.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The main purpose of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) is to provide guidelines for nutrient intakes that meet the needs of most healthy people. Choice B is incorrect because RDAs aim beyond just survival requirements. Choice C is incorrect because establishing maximum safe levels is the role of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs). Choice D is incorrect because preventing chronic diseases is more associated with Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) like Adequate Intakes (AIs) and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs). Therefore, the correct answer is A.
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How should a caregiver manage a child with a new diagnosis of sickle cell anemia?
- A. Ensure the child receives frequent blood transfusions
- B. Promote adequate hydration and pain management
- C. Restrict physical activity
- D. Administer high doses of vitamin C
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Promoting adequate hydration and pain management is crucial for managing sickle cell anemia to prevent crises and complications. Adequate hydration helps prevent sickling of red blood cells, while effective pain management is essential for addressing the frequent pain episodes associated with the condition. Ensuring the child receives frequent blood transfusions is not the initial management for sickle cell anemia; transfusions are usually reserved for specific complications. Restricting physical activity should be individualized based on the child's condition; some physical activity is beneficial for overall health. Administering high doses of vitamin C is not a standard treatment for sickle cell anemia and does not address the underlying pathology of the disease.
What is a primary goal of managing diabetes mellitus in children?
- A. Promote weight maintenance
- B. Prevent episodes of hypoglycemia
- C. Ensure normal growth and development
- D. Optimize blood sugar control
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The primary goal of managing diabetes mellitus in children is to ensure normal growth and development. This involves maintaining stable blood glucose levels to prevent complications. Option A is incorrect because promoting weight gain is not a primary goal in managing diabetes; rather, the aim is to maintain a healthy weight. Option B is not the primary goal; although it is important to prevent episodes of hypoglycemia, the main focus is on overall management. Option D is incorrect as optimizing blood sugar control is a means to achieve the primary goal, which is ensuring normal growth and development.
What is a common sign of a respiratory infection in infants?
- A. Increased appetite
- B. Rapid breathing
- C. Decreased urine output
- D. Lethargy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rapid breathing is a common sign of a respiratory infection in infants. When infants have a respiratory infection, their breathing may become rapid as their body tries to get more oxygen. This symptom is often seen alongside cough and fever. Increased appetite (Choice A) is not typically associated with respiratory infections but can be seen in other conditions. Decreased urine output (Choice C) is more indicative of dehydration or kidney issues rather than a respiratory infection. Lethargy (Choice D) can be a symptom of various illnesses but is not as specific to respiratory infections as rapid breathing.
How does a double-blind experiment work?
- A. Both subject groups take turns receiving each treatment.
- B. Neither subjects nor researchers know which subjects are in the control or experimental group.
- C. Neither group of subjects knows whether they are in the control or experimental group, but the researchers do not know.
- D. Both subject groups know whether they are in the control or experimental group, but the researchers do not know.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. In a double-blind experiment, neither the subjects nor the researchers know which subjects are in the control or experimental group. This helps to eliminate bias and ensure that the results are more objective. Choice A is incorrect as in a double-blind experiment, subjects do not take turns receiving each treatment; it is about masking the treatment allocation. Choice C is incorrect because it implies that the researchers are aware of the group allocation, which goes against the principle of blinding in a double-blind study. Choice D is incorrect as both subject groups should not know whether they are in the control or experimental group to maintain the blindness of the study.
What is a common sign of a urinary tract infection in older children?
- A. Frequent urination
- B. Increased appetite
- C. Elevated blood pressure
- D. Decreased energy levels
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Frequent urination is a common sign of a urinary tract infection in older children. It is often accompanied by other symptoms such as pain or discomfort. Increased appetite (Choice B) is not typically associated with urinary tract infections. Elevated blood pressure (Choice C) is more commonly linked to conditions like hypertension, not urinary tract infections. Decreased energy levels (Choice D) can be a sign of various health issues but are not a typical symptom of a urinary tract infection.