Nokea
What is the major difference between somatic and germline mutations?
- A. Somatic mutations usually benefit the individual while germline mutations usually harm them.
- B. Since germline mutations only affect one cell, they are less noticeable than the rapidly dividing somatic cells.
- C. Somatic mutations are not expressed for several generations, but germline mutations are expressed immediately.
- D. Germline mutations are usually inherited while somatic mutations will affect only the individual.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The major difference between somatic and germline mutations is that germline mutations are usually inherited and can be passed on to offspring, while somatic mutations occur in non-reproductive cells and only affect the individual in which they occur. This means that germline mutations have the potential to be present in future generations, while somatic mutations do not.
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What are the tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body?
- A. Arterioles
- B. Capillaries
- C. Venules
- D. Veins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Capillaries. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels that connect arterioles (small arteries) with venules (small veins). They enable the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues. Arterioles are small arteries that carry blood away from the heart, while venules are small veins that carry blood towards the heart. Veins are larger blood vessels that transport blood back to the heart. Therefore, capillaries specifically serve as the vessels responsible for the exchange of substances between the blood and body tissues.
If Silicon (Si) has an atomic mass of 28.1 AMU (atomic mass units), which of the following is the most likely number of neutrons an atom of Silicon would have?
- A. 28.1
- B. 14
- C. 28
- D. 14.2
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Silicon has an atomic number of 14, indicating it has 14 protons. The atomic mass of 28.1 AMU accounts for both protons and neutrons in the nucleus. By subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass, we can estimate the number of neutrons in the atom. Thus, 28.1 - 14 = 14 neutrons. Choice A is incorrect as it represents the total atomic mass, not the number of neutrons. Choice C is incorrect; it is the atomic number (protons) rather than the number of neutrons. Choice D is incorrect as it is a value that does not reflect the number of neutrons in the silicon atom.
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
- A. It moves upward
- B. It moves downward
- C. It expands
- D. It contracts and moves downward
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward. This action increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, which lowers the air pressure inside the lungs, allowing air to flow in. The downward movement and contraction of the diaphragm create the necessary space for the lungs to expand and fill with air. Choice A, 'It moves upward,' is incorrect as the diaphragm moves downward. Choice B, 'It moves downward,' is partially correct but misses the contraction aspect. Choice C, 'It expands,' is incorrect as the diaphragm itself does not expand during inspiration. Therefore, choice D, 'It contracts and moves downward,' is the most accurate description of the diaphragm's action during inspiration.
Which of the following is the carbohydrate monomer?
- A. Disaccharide
- B. Lactose
- C. Monosaccharide
- D. Thymine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single sugar unit. They are considered the carbohydrate monomers from which larger carbohydrates like disaccharides (composed of two sugar units) and polysaccharides (containing multiple sugar units) are built. Choices A and B, Disaccharide and Lactose, are not monomers but rather specific types of carbohydrates made up of multiple sugar units. Choice D, Thymine, is a nitrogenous base present in DNA and RNA, not a carbohydrate monomer.
What is the first number in a blood pressure reading?
- A. Diastolic pressure
- B. Mean arterial pressure
- C. Pulse rate
- D. Systolic pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Systolic pressure. In a blood pressure reading, the first number represents the systolic pressure, which is the maximum pressure in the arteries during heart contraction. The second number in the reading is the diastolic pressure, which indicates the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because diastolic pressure, mean arterial pressure, and pulse rate are not the first numbers in a blood pressure reading.