Nokea
What is the maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold after a full forced inhalation?
- A. Inspiratory capacity
- B. Tidal volume
- C. Total lung capacity
- D. Vital capacity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Total lung capacity is the correct term for the maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold after a full forced inhalation. It represents the sum of all lung volumes, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume. Inspiratory capacity refers to the maximum volume of air inspired from the end-expiratory level. Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal breathing. Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation, not the total volume the lungs can hold.
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Which organ produces insulin and glucagon?
- A. Salivary Glands
- B. Liver
- C. Gallbladder
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Pancreas. The pancreas is the organ responsible for producing the hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin functions to lower blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose by cells for energy production. On the other hand, glucagon works to raise blood sugar levels by prompting the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream. The pancreas is a vital organ in the endocrine system, playing a crucial role in maintaining appropriate blood sugar levels in the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as the salivary glands produce saliva, the liver is involved in various metabolic functions, and the gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver, but none of these organs produce insulin and glucagon.
What is the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system?
- A. Axon
- B. Neuron
- C. Dendrite
- D. Synapse
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Neuron. Neurons are indeed the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. Neurons are specialized cells that transmit signals throughout the nervous system, enabling communication and coordination of various functions within the body. While axons, dendrites, and synapses are all essential components of neurons and neural function, the neuron as a whole is considered the fundamental building block responsible for signal transmission. Choice A, Axon, is incorrect because an axon is a part of a neuron responsible for transmitting electrical signals away from the cell body. Choice C, Dendrite, is incorrect because dendrites are extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons. Choice D, Synapse, is incorrect because a synapse is the junction between two neurons where signals are transmitted.
Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?
- A. Vitamin A
- B. Vitamin C
- C. Vitamin K
- D. Vitamin D
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting as it plays a crucial role in the synthesis of clotting factors in the liver. Deficiency in vitamin K can result in impaired blood clotting and excessive bleeding. Vitamin K is necessary for the activation of proteins that are involved in the blood clotting process, making it a vital nutrient for maintaining proper hemostasis. Vitamin A (Choice A) is important for vision and immune function, Vitamin C (Choice B) is crucial for collagen synthesis and antioxidant protection, and Vitamin D (Choice D) is essential for calcium absorption and bone health. However, when it comes to blood clotting specifically, Vitamin K is the key vitamin involved.
Which of the following best describes the function of the pericardium?
- A. Regulating blood flow through valves within the heart.
- B. Acting as a protective sac surrounding the heart.
- C. Generating the electrical impulses for heart contractions.
- D. Transmitting electrical signals between the atria and ventricles.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The pericardium is a double-layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart. Its main functions include preventing overfilling of the heart, providing a physical barrier against infection and inflammation, and reducing friction between the heart and surrounding structures. Choices A, C, and D do not accurately describe the function of the pericardium. Option B is the correct answer as it aligns with the protective and supportive role of the pericardium, distinguishing it from the functions attributed to choices A, C, and D.
Which of the following is the smallest unit of matter?
- A. Molecule
- B. Atom
- C. Compound
- D. Element
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: An atom is the fundamental building block of matter, while molecules are formed by the combination of atoms.