HESI A2 Reading Comprehension V1 2024

HESI A2 Reading Comprehension V1 2024 Related

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The federal government regulates dietary supplements through the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The regulations for dietary supplements are not the same as those for prescription or over-the-counter drugs. In general, the regulations for dietary supplements are less strict. To begin with, a manufacturer does not have to prove the safety and effectiveness of a dietary supplement before it is marketed. A manufacturer is permitted to say that a dietary supplement addresses a nutrient deficiency, supports health, or is linked to a particular body function (such as immunity), if there is research to support the claim. Such a claim must be followed by the words “This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.â€Also, manufacturers are expected to follow certain good manufacturing practices (GMPs) to ensure that dietary supplements are processed consistently and meet quality standards. Requirements for GMPs went into effect in 2008 for large manufacturers and are being phased in for small manufacturers through 2010.Once a dietary supplement is on the market, the FDA monitors safety and product information, such as label claims and package inserts. If it finds a product to be unsafe, it can take action against the manufacturer and/or distributor and may issue a warning or require that the product be removed from the marketplace. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is responsible for regulating product advertising; it requires that all information be truthful and not misleading. The federal government has taken legal action against a number of dietary supplement promoters or Web sitesthat promote or sell dietary supplements because they have made false or deceptive statements about their products or because marketed products have proven to be unsafe.

What is the meaning of the word 'deceptive' as it is used in the fifth paragraph?

  • A. misleading
  • B. malicious
  • C. illegal
  • D. irritating
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context provided, 'deceptive' means misleading. The passage discusses how the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulates product advertising to ensure that all information is truthful and not misleading. Therefore, the correct answer is 'A: misleading.' Choice B, 'malicious,' is incorrect as it implies harmful intent, which is not necessarily conveyed by the term 'deceptive' in this context. Choice C, 'illegal,' is incorrect because 'deceptive' does not solely refer to something being against the law, but rather to misleading information. Choice D, 'irritating,' is also incorrect as it does not capture the essence of 'deceptive' as used in the passage.

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Foodborne illnesses are contracted by eating food or drinking beverages contaminated with bacteria, parasites, or viruses. Harmful chemicals can also cause foodborne illnesses if they have contaminated food during harvesting or processing. Foodborne illnesses can cause symptoms ranging from upset stomach to diarrhea, fever, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and dehydration. Most foodborne infections are undiagnosed and unreported, though the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that every year about 76 million people in the United States become ill from pathogens in food. About 5,000 of these people die.Harmful bacteria are the most common cause of foodborne illness. Some bacteria may be present at the point of purchase. Raw foods are the most common source of foodborne illnesses because they are not sterile; examples include raw meat and poultry contaminated during slaughter. Seafood may become contaminated during harvest or processing. One in 10,000 eggs may be contaminated with Salmonella inside the shell. Produce, such as spinach, lettuce, tomatoes, sprouts, and melons, can become contaminated with Salmonella, Shigella, or Escherichia coli (E. coli). Contamination can occur during growing, harvesting, processing, storing, shipping, or final preparation. Sources of produce contamination vary, as these foods are grown in soil and can become contaminated during growth, processing, or distribution. Contamination may also occur during food preparation in a restaurant or a home kitchen. The most common form of contamination from handled foods is the calicivirus, also called the Norwalk-like virus.When food is cooked and left out for more than two hours at room temperature, bacteria can multiply quickly. Most bacteria don't produce an odor or change in color or texture, so they can be impossible to detect. Freezing food slows or stops bacteria's growth, but does not destroy the bacteria. The microbes can become reactivated when the food is thawed. Refrigeration also can slow the growth of some bacteria. Thorough cooking is required to destroy the bacteria.

What is the meaning of the word 'pathogens' as it is used in the first paragraph?

  • A. diseases
  • B. vaccines
  • C. disease-causing substances
  • D. foods
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context provided, 'pathogens' refers to disease-causing substances such as bacteria and viruses. These microorganisms can contaminate food and lead to foodborne illnesses. Choice A ('diseases') is incorrect as pathogens themselves cause diseases but are not diseases. Choice B ('vaccines') is incorrect as vaccines are used to prevent diseases caused by pathogens. Choice D ('foods') is incorrect as pathogens are not foods, but rather contaminants that can be found in food.

Water is needed to sustain practically all life functions on planet Earth. A single drop of this compound is composed of an oxygen atom that shares its electrons with each of the two hydrogen atoms. The cycle starts when precipitation, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, descends from the sky onto the ground. Water that is not absorbed immediately from the precipitation is known as runoff. The runoff flows across the land and collects in groundwater reservoirs, rivers, streams, and oceans.Evaporation takes place when liquid water changes into water vapor, which is a gas. Water vapor returns to the air from surface water and plants.Ultimately, condensation happens when this water vapor cools and changes back into droplets of liquid. In fact, the puffy, cotton clouds that we observe are formed by condensation. When the clouds become heavily laden with liquid droplets, precipitation ensues.

What is the meaning of the word 'composed' in the first paragraph?

  • A. To consist of
  • B. To be uniquely discovered
  • C. To be set apart
  • D. To be surprised
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context provided, 'composed' means to consist of. The paragraph explains that a drop of water is composed of an oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Choice B, 'To be uniquely discovered,' is incorrect as it does not relate to the composition of a drop of water. Choice C, 'To be set apart,' and Choice D, 'To be surprised,' are also incorrect as they do not convey the meaning of 'composed' as it is used in this paragraph.

Beep!…Beep!…Beep! is the audible rhythmic sound made as the strength of the heart muscle is measured. The signal cadence has a characteristic record that varies in every individual. This record is called an electrocardiogram, or ECG.In the body, an array of systemic neural responses constantly occur, emitting electric currents. The electric currents can be detected on the surface of the body, and if a person is hooked to an amplifier, these impulses are recorded by an electrocardiograph. Most of the information obtained is about the heart because the heart sends out electric currents in waves. This “wave of excitation†spreads through the heart wall and is accompanied by electric changes. The wave takes place in three distinct steps.Initially, the “wave of excitation†accompanied by an electric change lasts for approximately 1 to 2 seconds after the contraction of the cardiac muscle. The electric impulses are discharged rhythmically from the sinoatrial (SA) node, the pacemaker of the heart. This spread of excitation over the muscle of the atrium indicates that the atrium has contracted.Next, the peak of the ECG reading is due to the atrioventricular (AV) node, causing the ventricle to become excited.<p>Finally, the ventricles relax, and any changes in the wave indicate to trained medical staff any abnormalities within the heart.

What are the three steps of the 'wave of excitation'?

  • A. The discharge from the SA node, the peak ECG, and the excitement of the ventricle.
  • B. The excitement of the ventricle, the relaxing of the ventricle, and the systemic neural response.
  • C. The contraction of the atrium, the relaxation of the atrium, and the contraction of the ventricle.
  • D. The excitation of the atrium, the excitement of the ventricle, and the relaxing of the ventricle.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct steps of the 'wave of excitation' are the excitation of the atrium, excitement of the ventricle, and relaxation of the ventricle. In the described process, the 'wave of excitation' starts with the discharge from the SA node, leading to the excitation of the atrium. Next, the peak ECG corresponds to the excitement of the ventricle, not its relaxation. Finally, the wave concludes with the relaxation of the ventricle, not its contraction. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the sequential steps of the 'wave of excitation' as presented in the extract.

The federal government regulates dietary supplements through the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The regulations for dietary supplements are not the same as those for prescription or over-the-counter drugs. In general, the regulations for dietary supplements are less strict. To begin with, a manufacturer does not have to prove the safety and effectiveness of a dietary supplement before it is marketed. A manufacturer is permitted to say that a dietary supplement addresses a nutrient deficiency, supports health, or is linked to a particular body function (such as immunity), if there is research to support the claim. Such a claim must be followed by the words “This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.â€Also, manufacturers are expected to follow certain good manufacturing practices (GMPs) to ensure that dietary supplements are processed consistently and meet quality standards. Requirements for GMPs went into effect in 2008 for large manufacturers and are being phased in for small manufacturers through 2010.Once a dietary supplement is on the market, the FDA monitors safety and product information, such as label claims and package inserts. If it finds a product to be unsafe, it can take action against the manufacturer and/or distributor and may issue a warning or require that the product be removed from the marketplace. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is responsible for regulating product advertising; it requires that all information be truthful and not misleading. The federal government has taken legal action against a number of dietary supplement promoters or Web sitesthat promote or sell dietary supplements because they have made false or deceptive statements about their products or because marketed products have proven to be unsafe.

What is the meaning of the phrase 'phased in' as it is used in the third paragraph?

  • A. stunned into silence
  • B. confused
  • C. implemented in stages
  • D. legalized
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: 'Phased in' means implemented in stages, referring to the gradual implementation of good manufacturing practices. In the provided extract, it mentions that requirements for good manufacturing practices (GMPs) were phased in for small manufacturers through 2010, indicating a gradual implementation process. The other choices, 'stunned into silence,' 'confused,' and 'legalized,' do not accurately reflect the meaning of 'phased in' in the context of the paragraph.

Beep!…Beep!…Beep! is the audible rhythmic sound made as the strength of the heart muscle is measured. The signal cadence has a characteristic record that varies in every individual. This record is called an electrocardiogram, or ECG.
In the body, an array of systemic neural responses constantly occur, emitting electric currents. The electric currents can be detected on the surface of the body, and if a person is hooked to an amplifier, these impulses are recorded by an electrocardiograph. Most of the information obtained is about the heart because the heart sends out electric currents in waves. This “wave of excitation†spreads through the heart wall and is accompanied by electric changes.
The wave takes place in three distinct steps. Initially, the “wave of excitation†accompanied by an electric change lasts for approximately 1 to 2 seconds after the contraction of the cardiac muscle. The electric impulses are discharged rhythmically from the sinoatrial (SA) node, the pacemaker of the heart. This spread of excitation over the muscle of the atrium indicates that the atrium has contracted. Next, the peak of the ECG reading is due to the atrioventricular (AV) node, causing the ventricle to become excited. Finally, the ventricles relax, and any changes in the wave indicate to trained medical staff any abnormalities within the heart.

What is the author's primary purpose in writing the essay?

  • A. To persuade the reader to have an ECG
  • B. To entertain the reader with a heartwarming story
  • C. To inform the reader how an electrocardiograph reads the electric currents emitted by the heart
  • D. To analyze the difference between the SA node and the AV node
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The author's primary purpose in writing the essay is to inform the reader about how an electrocardiograph reads the electric currents emitted by the heart. Choice A is incorrect because there is no attempt to persuade the reader to have an ECG. Choice B is incorrect because the essay is focused on providing information rather than entertaining with a heartwarming story. Choice D is incorrect as the essay does not primarily analyze the difference between the SA node and the AV node; instead, it focuses on explaining how an electrocardiograph reads electric currents from the heart.

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