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What is the medical term for a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
- A. Nephritis
- B. Cystitis
- C. Urethritis
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The medical term specifically used to refer to a urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects the bladder is cystitis. Nephritis refers to inflammation of the kidneys, and urethritis refers to inflammation of the urethra. As such, cystitis is the correct term for a UTI, making choice B the right answer. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they refer to different conditions affecting the urinary system.
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Which part of the neuron insulates and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses along the axon?
- A. Dendrite
- B. Myelin sheath
- C. Synapse
- D. Cell body
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The myelin sheath is a fatty layer that surrounds the axon of a neuron, providing insulation and speeding up the transmission of nerve impulses. This insulation helps prevent the loss of electrical signals as they travel along the axon, allowing for faster and more efficient communication within the nervous system. Dendrites are branching extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons, the synapse is the junction between two neurons where communication occurs, and the cell body contains the nucleus and organelles of the neuron, but none of these structures provide insulation for the transmission of nerve impulses along the axon.
What unit is used for measuring luminous flux, which indicates the perceived brightness of a light source by the human eye?
- A. Candela
- B. Lumen
- C. Lux
- D. Hertz
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lumen is the correct unit for measuring luminous flux, which quantifies the total visible light emitted by a source per unit of time. Candela measures luminous intensity, lux measures illuminance, and Hertz measures frequency. Therefore, in the context of measuring the perceived brightness of a light source by the human eye, luminous flux is quantified in lumens.
How does electron configuration relate to the periodic table?
- A. Elements within the same period have identical electron configurations.
- B. Elements within the same group share similar electron configurations in their outermost shell.
- C. Electron configuration determines an element's position on the periodic table.
- D. An element's group on the periodic table is determined by the number of electron shells it possesses.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Elements within the same group share similar electron configurations in their outermost shell. The periodic table is organized based on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level, known as valence electrons, which significantly influence an element's chemical properties. Elements within the same group have the same number of valence electrons, leading to comparable chemical behaviors. Choices A and D are incorrect because elements within the same period, not group, have identical electron configurations, and an element's group is primarily determined by the number of valence electrons and not the number of electron shells. Choice C is incorrect because while electron configuration is crucial for understanding an element's properties, it is not the sole factor determining its position on the periodic table.
Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles, enabling voluntary muscle movements?
- A. Somatic nervous system
- B. Autonomic nervous system
- C. Sympathetic nervous system
- D. Parasympathetic nervous system
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is the somatic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles, allowing for voluntary muscle movements. The autonomic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, and parasympathetic nervous system are not involved in voluntary muscle movements. Instead, they regulate involuntary functions of the body such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing. Therefore, choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are not associated with voluntary muscle movements.
Which of the following is an example of a commensal relationship between a microorganism and a human?
- A. Salmonella causing food poisoning
- B. taphylococcus aureus causing skin infections
- C. coli living in the gut
- D. Rabies virus causing neurological disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A commensal relationship is a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor benefited. In this case, E. coli living in the gut is an example of a commensal relationship because it can benefit from the environment in the gut without causing harm to the human host.
Option A, Salmonella causing food poisoning, is an example of a pathogenic relationship where the microorganism causes harm to the host. Option B, Staphylococcus aureus causing skin infections, is also an example of a pathogenic relationship where the microorganism causes harm to the host. Option D, Rabies virus causing neurological disease, is another example of a pathogenic relationship where the microorganism causes harm to the host.