Nokea
What is the medical term for excessive bleeding?
- A. Thrombosis
- B. Embolus
- C. Hemorrhage
- D. Hemostasis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hemorrhage. Hemorrhage refers to excessive bleeding. Thrombosis (A) is the formation of blood clots, not excessive bleeding. Embolus (B) is a blood clot that travels through the bloodstream and blocks a blood vessel. Hemostasis (D) is the process of stopping bleeding, not the term for excessive bleeding. In summary, only choice C directly relates to the medical term for excessive bleeding.
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What is the prevalence of sarcoidosis in Ireland?
- A. One of the lowest globally
- B. Among the highest globally
- C. Similar to the global average
- D. Extremely rare
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Among the highest globally. Sarcoidosis prevalence in Ireland is relatively high compared to other regions. This is due to genetic factors, environmental influences, and possibly healthcare practices. Sarcoidosis rates vary worldwide, with Ireland being noted for its higher prevalence. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because Ireland's sarcoidosis prevalence is not among the lowest globally, similar to the global average, or extremely rare.
The nurse determines that a patient has long-term immunity against a disease. Which part of the immune system should the nurse recognize is responsible for this patient's long-term immunity?
- A. IgE
- B. IgG
- C. Mast cells
- D. Plasma cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: IgG. IgG is an immunoglobulin that provides long-term immunity by recognizing and neutralizing pathogens. It is produced by plasma cells in response to an infection, allowing the body to remember the pathogen and mount a quicker and more effective immune response upon re-exposure. IgE is involved in allergic reactions, not long-term immunity. Mast cells are involved in allergic responses and inflammation, not long-term immunity. Plasma cells produce antibodies, including IgG, but the plasma cells themselves are not responsible for long-term immunity.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects:
- A. CD4+ T cells
- B. B cells
- C. CD8+ T cells
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: CD4+ T cells. HIV primarily infects CD4+ T cells by binding to the CD4 receptor and a co-receptor, usually CCR5 or CXCR4. CD4+ T cells are crucial for coordinating the immune response. B cells (choice B) are not typically infected by HIV. CD8+ T cells (choice C) can be indirectly affected by HIV, but they are not the primary target of the virus. Therefore, the correct choice is A as it accurately reflects the primary target cells of HIV infection.
Which characteristics describe Pneumocystis jiroveci infection, an opportunistic disease that can be associated with HIV?
- A. May cause fungal meningitis
- B. Diagnosed by lymph node biopsy
- C. Pneumonia with dry, nonproductive cough
- D. Viral retinitis, stomatitis, esophagitis, gastritis, or colitis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia typically presents with a dry, nonproductive cough, shortness of breath, and fever.
What chemicals are responsible for the flavor and holes in Swiss cheese?
- A. lactate, oxygen
- B. propionic acid, carbon dioxide
- C. acetic acid, carbon dioxide
- D. ethanol, hydrogen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: propionic acid, carbon dioxide. Propionic acid is produced by bacteria in Swiss cheese, contributing to its nutty flavor. The bacteria also produce carbon dioxide, which forms the characteristic holes. Lactate (A) is a byproduct of bacteria in cheese but not responsible for the flavor or holes. Acetic acid (C) is not commonly found in Swiss cheese. Ethanol (D) and hydrogen are not involved in the flavor or hole formation.