Nokea
What is the most abundant positive ion in blood plasma?
- A. Potassium.
- B. Calcium.
- C. Sodium.
- D. Both potassium and sodium are in equal concentrations.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Sodium. Sodium (Na+) is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid, including blood plasma. It plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and is essential for various physiological processes. Choice A, Potassium, is also an important ion in the body but is predominantly found intracellularly. Choice B, Calcium, is an essential mineral in the body but is not the most abundant positive ion in blood plasma. Choice D is incorrect as sodium is the primary positive ion in blood plasma, with a much higher concentration compared to potassium.
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When considering overhydration:
- A. occurs less often than dehydration.
- B. can strain the kidneys.
- C. can be caused by giving intravenous fluids too rapidly.
- D. less common than dehydration.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Overhydration can occur when intravenous fluids are administered too quickly, overwhelming the body's ability to excrete the excess fluid. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Choice A is incorrect because overhydration is less common than dehydration. Choice B is incorrect because while overhydration can strain the kidneys, it is not due to the burden being too heavy. Choice D is incorrect because dehydration is more common than overhydration.
Which of the following is not considered an extracellular fluid?
- A. Cerebrospinal fluid
- B. The humors of the eye
- C. Lymph
- D. Cerebrospinal fluid and the humors of the eye
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Cerebrospinal fluid and the humors of the eye are not considered extracellular fluids. Extracellular fluids are fluids found outside the cells, such as interstitial fluid and lymph. Cerebrospinal fluid is found within the central nervous system, while the humors of the eye (aqueous humor and vitreous humor) are located within the eyeball, making them distinct from extracellular fluids.
Which condition can result from prolonged vomiting or diarrhea?
- A. Intracellular fluid
- B. Interstitial fluid
- C. Dehydration
- D. Electrolyte
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Dehydration. Prolonged vomiting or diarrhea can lead to significant fluid loss, causing dehydration. Intracellular fluid (choice A) and interstitial fluid (choice B) refer to specific compartments of body fluid and are not conditions resulting from vomiting or diarrhea. Electrolytes (choice D) are minerals that help maintain fluid balance in the body but are not the condition directly resulting from prolonged vomiting or diarrhea.
Which substance dissociates into ions in a water solution?
- A. Intracellular fluid
- B. Interstitial fluid
- C. Plasma
- D. Electrolyte
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Electrolyte.' Electrolytes are substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved in water. Intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and plasma are not substances that dissociate into ions in a water solution. Intracellular fluid is the fluid inside cells, interstitial fluid is the fluid between cells, and plasma is the liquid component of blood. These choices do not dissociate into ions in a water solution, unlike electrolytes.
Which of the following organs does not contribute to fluid output from the body?
- A. Lungs
- B. Skin
- C. Intestine
- D. Lungs, skin, and intestine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. All the listed organs (lungs, skin, and intestines) contribute to fluid loss from the body. Lungs contribute to fluid loss through respiration, skin through sweating, and intestines through excretion. Therefore, none of the organs listed in the options retain fluids within the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because all of these organs play a role in fluid output from the body.