Nokea
What is the most common cause of abortion in Zambia?
- A. Tuberculosis
- B. HIV
- C. Ascariasis
- D. Malaria
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Malaria is the most common cause of abortion in Zambia due to its significant impact on maternal health. Malaria can lead to severe complications during pregnancy, increasing the risk of spontaneous abortion. Tuberculosis (Choice A), HIV (Choice B), and Ascariasis (Choice C) are serious health conditions, but they are not typically identified as the primary cause of abortion in Zambia as malaria.
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During fertilization, the portion of the decidua covering the blastocyst is called:
- A. Decidua basalis
- B. Decidua Vera
- C. Decidua parietalis
- D. Decidua capsularis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: During fertilization, the decidua capsularis is the specific portion of the decidua that covers the blastocyst, providing protection and support. Decidua basalis refers to the part of the decidua located at the site of implantation on the maternal side. Decidua vera is the remainder of the decidua lining the uterus. Decidua parietalis is the portion of the decidua that lines the rest of the uterine cavity, except for the site of implantation. Therefore, in the context of fertilization, the decidua capsularis is the correct answer.
What should be included in the differential diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy?
- A. Inevitable abortion
- B. Dysmenorrhea
- C. Twisted ovarian cyst
- D. Fibroids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In the differential diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, conditions such as twisted ovarian cysts should be considered. Twisted ovarian cysts can present with similar symptoms to ectopic pregnancy, making it important to include them in the differential diagnosis. Choices A, B, and D are not typically part of the differential diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Inevitable abortion refers to an imminent miscarriage, dysmenorrhea is characterized by painful menstruation, and fibroids are benign growths in the uterus, none of which are directly related to ectopic pregnancy.
A woman is considered to be in menopause if she has experienced the cessation of her menses for a period of:
- A. 6 months
- B. 12 months
- C. 18 months
- D. 24 months
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.
Incomplete abortion is characterized by:
- A. Heavy bleeding.
- B. Open os.
- C. Severe cramping.
- D. Light bleeding.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Incomplete abortion is characterized by an open os, which means that the cervix is dilated, allowing for passage of tissue. This condition typically presents with heavy bleeding as parts of the products of conception are expelled. Severe cramping may also be present due to uterine contractions. Therefore, the correct characteristic of incomplete abortion is an open os (Choice B). Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as heavy bleeding and severe cramping are symptoms associated with incomplete abortion, but they do not specifically define it, and light bleeding is not characteristic of incomplete abortion.
Discuss the anatomical/physiological changes in pregnancy under the following: Cardiovascular system
- A. The heart is displaced upward and to the left by the enlarging uterus, cardiac capacity increases, and blood pressure declines slightly.
- B. The heart is displaced downward and to the right, and blood pressure increases.
- C. The cardiovascular system remains unchanged during pregnancy.
- D. Cardiovascular changes include increased peripheral resistance and reduced cardiac output.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: During pregnancy, the cardiovascular system undergoes changes such as the heart being displaced upward and to the left by the enlarging uterus, increased cardiac capacity, and a slight decline in blood pressure. Choice B is incorrect as the heart is displaced upwards, not downwards, and blood pressure typically decreases slightly. Choice C is incorrect as the cardiovascular system does undergo changes during pregnancy. Choice D is incorrect as cardiovascular changes in pregnancy involve increased cardiac output rather than reduced output.