Nokea
What is the most common cause of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs)?
- A. Viruses
- B. Bacteria
- C. Fungi
- D. Parasites
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), also known as nosocomial infections, are infections that patients acquire during the course of receiving treatment in a healthcare facility. Among the options provided, bacteria are the most common cause of HAIs. Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are known to cause a wide range of infections in healthcare settings. While viruses, fungi, and parasites can also cause HAIs, bacteria are the most prevalent and significant pathogens responsible for these infections. Proper infection control measures, including hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, and antimicrobial stewardship, are essential in preventing and controlling HAIs caused by bacteria.
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What is the SI unit of measurement for work?
- A. Newton-meter (N·m)
- B. Joule (J)
- C. Watt (W)
- D. Meter per second (m/s)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Joule (J). Work is defined as the amount of energy transferred by a force acting through a distance. The Joule is the unit used to measure this energy transfer. Choice A, Newton-meter (N·m), is the unit for torque, not work. Choice C, Watt (W), is the unit of power, not work. Choice D, Meter per second (m/s), is a unit for speed or velocity and is not related to work.
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
- A. Digesting and absorbing nutrients
- B. Storing and mixing food
- C. Breaking down carbohydrates
- D. Absorbing water and electrolytes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The primary function of the large intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes from the indigestible food matter that passes through it. This absorption process aids in the formation of solid waste (feces) before it is excreted from the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the large intestine does not primarily digest and absorb nutrients, store and mix food, or break down carbohydrates. These functions are primarily carried out by the small intestine.
Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical bond?
- A. Ionic bond
- B. Covalent bond
- C. Metallic bond
- D. Gravitational bond
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds are all types of chemical bonds that involve the sharing or transfer of electrons between atoms. An ionic bond occurs when one atom donates an electron to another, creating positive and negative ions that attract each other. A covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration. Metallic bonds are formed between metal atoms where electrons are delocalized and move freely among the metal ions. On the other hand, a gravitational bond is not a type of chemical bond. It refers to the force of attraction between two objects with mass, such as the gravitational force between the Earth and objects on its surface. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Gravitational bond.'
What tool helps scientists identify and classify organisms based on their shared characteristics?
- A. Binomial nomenclature
- B. Cladistics
- C. Dichotomous key
- D. Domain-based classification
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A) Binomial nomenclature is a system used to give each organism a two-part scientific name (genus and species) but does not help in identifying or classifying organisms based on shared characteristics. B) Cladistics is a method of classification based on evolutionary relationships and shared characteristics, but it is not a tool used for identifying organisms. C) A dichotomous key is a tool that helps scientists identify and classify organisms based on their shared characteristics by presenting a series of choices leading the user to the correct identification. D) Domain-based classification is a system of grouping organisms into three domains (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya) based on molecular and genetic similarities, but it is not a tool used for identifying organisms based on shared characteristics.
In the cardiovascular system, what does the term 'double circulation' refer to?
- A. The separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood flow within the heart.
- B. The regulation of blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
- C. The cyclic contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle.
- D. The existence of two separate circulatory pathways, one for the lungs and one for the body.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The term 'double circulation' in the cardiovascular system refers to the existence of two separate circulatory pathways, one for the lungs (pulmonary circulation) and one for the body (systemic circulation). Oxygen-poor blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation, and then oxygen-rich blood is pumped from the lungs back to the heart to be circulated to the rest of the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the concept of 'double circulation.' Choice A refers to the separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood within the heart, choice B relates to blood pressure regulation mechanisms, and choice C describes the cardiac muscle's contraction and relaxation, none of which define 'double circulation' in the context of the cardiovascular system.