Nokea
What is the most common form of childhood cancer?
- A. Lymphoma
- B. Brain tumor
- C. Leukemia
- D. Osteosarcoma
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Leukemia. Leukemia is the most common form of childhood cancer, accounting for around 30% of all childhood cancers. It affects the blood and bone marrow, leading to abnormal production of white blood cells. Lymphoma (A) and brain tumors (B) are also common childhood cancers but not as prevalent as leukemia. Osteosarcoma (D) is a type of bone cancer that is rare in children compared to leukemia. Thus, based on the prevalence and incidence rates, leukemia is the most common form of childhood cancer.
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During the maturation of a B lymphocyte, the first immunoglobulin heavy chain synthesized is the
- A. Mu chain
- B. gamma chain
- C. epsilon chain
- D. alpha chain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mu chain. During B lymphocyte maturation, the first immunoglobulin heavy chain synthesized is the Mu chain. This is because the Mu chain is the first heavy chain isotype expressed during early B cell development. The Mu chain combines with the surrogate light chain to form the pre-B cell receptor, which is essential for signaling in pre-B cells. The Mu chain is later replaced by other heavy chain isotypes such as gamma, epsilon, and alpha during B cell differentiation. Therefore, the Mu chain is the correct answer as it is the initial heavy chain produced in B cell maturation. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they represent heavy chain isotypes that are expressed at later stages of B cell development and differentiation.
The nurse caring for a client who is taking an aminoglycoside should monitor the client for which adverse effects of the medication?
- A. Seizures
- B. Ototoxicity
- C. Renal toxicity
- D. Hepatotoxicity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ototoxicity. Aminoglycosides are known to cause damage to the inner ear, resulting in hearing loss and balance issues. The nurse should monitor for symptoms such as tinnitus, dizziness, and hearing loss. Seizures (A) are not a common adverse effect of aminoglycosides. Renal toxicity (C) is a potential side effect, but ototoxicity is more specific to aminoglycosides. Hepatotoxicity (D) is not a typical adverse effect associated with aminoglycosides. Therefore, monitoring for ototoxicity is essential in clients taking aminoglycosides.
ICU patient with DIC from gram-negative infection. Which finding has immediate implications?
- A. No palpable radial/pedal pulse
- B. Complains of chest pain
- C. Oxygen saturation 87%
- D. Mottling of hands and feet
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the absence of palpable radial/pedal pulses indicates poor perfusion, a critical concern in DIC. This finding suggests compromised blood flow, requiring urgent intervention to prevent tissue damage. Choices B, C, and D are not immediate concerns in DIC. Chest pain may indicate cardiac issues, but perfusion is the priority. Oxygen saturation at 87% is low but not as urgent as impaired perfusion. Mottling of hands and feet is a sign of poor perfusion but not as immediate as the absence of palpable pulses.
Anopheles balabacensis breeds in?
- A. Artificial containers
- B. Drains
- C. Temporary water in jungles
- D. Rock pools
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Temporary water in jungles. Anopheles balabacensis is a species of mosquito known to breed in temporary water sources found in jungles. They typically lay their eggs in small, shallow pools of water that form after rainfalls. This choice is correct because it aligns with the known breeding habits of this particular mosquito species.
A: Artificial containers - Incorrect. Anopheles balabacensis typically does not breed in artificial containers but prefers natural water sources.
B: Drains - Incorrect. This species does not usually breed in drains but rather in natural water bodies.
D: Rock pools - Incorrect. Anopheles balabacensis prefers temporary water in jungles over rock pools for breeding due to the specific environmental conditions required for egg-laying and larval development.
Which is not a good prognostic factor in ALL?
- A. Mature B cell immunophenotype
- B. Female gender
- C. Hyperploidy
- D. Age 4-10 years
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mature B cell immunophenotype. In ALL, a mature B cell immunophenotype is associated with a poorer prognosis because it indicates that the leukemia cells have progressed to a more advanced stage of differentiation, making them more aggressive and resistant to treatment. On the other hand, choices B, C, and D are good prognostic factors in ALL. Female gender is associated with a better response to treatment, hyperploidy is a favorable genetic feature, and age 4-10 years is a common age group with a higher likelihood of responding well to treatment.